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THE 



PKOVINCE OF QUEBEC 



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EUROPEAN EMIGRATION 




Published by order of the Government of Quebec. 



QUEBEC 

PRINTED AT THE OFFICE OF UJEVENEMENT 

1870 



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THE 



PROVINCE OF QUEBEC 



AND 



EMIGRATION, 



INTRODUCTION. 

The object aimed at in this pamphlet is to furn- 
ish intending emigrants with correct information 
about the Province of Quebec, and to exhibit to 
them the positive advantages that it holds out to 
the settler. 

Contiguous to the Great Republic, which absorbs 
the greater part of the attention that Europe be- 
stows on this continent, we feel it is necessary that 
our Province should raise her voice, and by de- 
tailing her advantages, attract towards her the re- 
gards of the foreigner. 

Our various resources, the solidity of our poli- 
tical institutions, the rare perfection of our laws, 
the material prosperity which is shared in common 
by our people, — and the peace, unity and good fel- 
lowship which reign between all classes, are points 



on which we deem it proper that light should be 
shed. 

To deal separately and to its full extent with each 
of the above details, would require more space than 
comports with the nature of this pamphlet. We 
shall, however, succinctly treat the matters referred 
to ; and not to fatigue the reader with theoretical 
notions, shall regard whatever enters into the 
compass of these pages from a purely practical 
point of view. It will be readily inferred it is 
not as a literary work this pamphlet is offered 
to the public ; it is on the score of its exactitude, 
and for the useful information which it contains, 
that we hope to interest and to convince the class 
of readers to whom in preference it is addressed, 
that is to say, to those who comtemplate emigrating 
to America. 

It would be useless to pretend that it is with a 
feeling alien to interest that we address the emi- 
grant. We frankly admit that Ave appreciate at 
its full value the benefit that must accrue to the 
Province by attracting hither a good class of 
settlers. The best proofs we can offer of the value 
placed by us on emigration are to be found in 
the measures adopted ibr the protection of those 
who come amongst us, and in the facilities afforded 
to all who desire to settle in the Province. These 
facilities and advantages we shall develope fur- 
ther on. 

The emigrant who settles in this Province will 
find in the cultivation of the soil, and in the pur- 
suit of the different branches of industry which 
invite activity, that ease and comfort which are here 
the common lot of the industrious and thrifty. 

The sacrifices which the Province is actually 
making to open up means of communication 



— 3 — 

wherever colonization promises to succeed, cou- 
pled with the building of the Intercolonial Rail- 
way, offer very favorable advantages to those who 
may happen to land upon our shores without 
means, but in quest of labor. There is ample work 
for willing hands, and the laborer is here well 
paid, because his labor is in good demand. Upon 
his landing, therefore, the emigrant is certain to 
obtain lucrative employment, and should he be 
thrifty, within a very short time may amass suffi- 
cient to warrant him in seeking out one or other of 
the great centres of colonization, where he may win 
by his labor a domain in our forests. The ambition 
of every one here is to become a proprietor — a ci- 
tizen ; this too should be the aim of all who leave 
the Old World to seek a refuge in America. This 
country offers a great field for individual activity, 
and the future is rich, and promising to all who are 
energetic and saving. 

The ease which in Europe represents the united 
labors of generations of the one family, t is very 
often in this country achieved by the labor of one- 
man. Ask some merchant whose wealth, astonishes 
you, how far back his commercial career dates, and 
he will answer you that 15 or 20, or perhaps 30 
years ago, he landed on the shores of Canada, per- 
fectly friendless, dependent for the item of daily 
bread upon his daily work. His energy, and thrift 
alone, have made him what you see him. When- 
ever in the environs of any of our cities you see 
splendid farms decked with princely residences, 
such as here and there also strike the eye in the 
remoter parts of the country : ask to whom do 
these belong ? and you will be surprised to find, 
in how many cases, their owners are men who, but 
a short time ago, came here w T ith absolutely nothing 



— 4 — 

to recommend them but stout hearts and willing 
hands. Eun your eye over the social scale in Ca- 
nada, and you will find in the proudest positions 
Europeans whom necessity but recently compelled 
to seek our shores, and to whom fortune has been 
prodigal of her gifts. Meeting here with everything 
that can soothe and mitigate their condition and 
position, within a very short time those who seek 
a home amongst us make common cause with us ; 
and long before they hare forgotten that they are 
emigrants, we cease to regard them as new-comers. 

Although there remain in the Province of Que- 
bec vast tracts of uncleared land, it is not for that 
reason a wild country, as many foreigners are in- 
clined to believe. The European civilization, which 
two centuries ago was transplanted here through 
the agency of the French missionaries and settlers, 
developed rapidly, and spread as the population 
increased and education extended. And since 
transatlantic communication has become more 
frequent, it may be safely said that Europe has 
transmitted to us its habits and tastes, and even 
its very luxuries. 

The statistics which, later on will follow, will 
show that we have adhered in all we have said 
to what is strictly true. 

Following the general information which we will 
now give of Canada and the Province of Quebee, 
we have deemed it right, as succinctly as possible, 
to place before the intending emigrant a prac- 
tical idea of the rights he acquires, and the obli- 
gations he contracts in settling upon our Public 
Lands. 

Ls. Archambeault, 

Commissioner of Agriculture and Public Works. 

Quebec, March 1st., 1870. 



I. 

CANADA A¥D THE PROVINCE OF aUEBEC. 

Political Organization. 

The British North American Provinces, confe- 
derated in 1867 under the name of the Dominion 
of Canada, form a vast country, lying between 
the 42 and 51 degree of latitude, bounded to the 
south by the United States, to the north by the 
Hudson's Bay territory, and to the west by the 
United States, and the British possessions in the 
Nor th- west. This latter territory is about to enter 
the Canadian Confederacy, as is also, it is believed, 
British Columbia, which will push back the 
boundaries of Canada westward to the Pacific. 
"With these sections of country united, there will 
but remain, at the outlet of the Glulf of St. Law- 
rence — Newfoundland and Prince Edward Island, 
which have not yet entered, but which are even 
while we are dictating this, negotiating for ad- 
mission into the Confederacy. 

The limits of Canada comprise a territory of 
377,045 square miles in superficies, and at the last 
eensus, in 1861, it was shown that the population 
numbered 8,090,561 souls ; to-day the number of 
the inhabitants of the Dominion exceeds 4,000,000. 

Canada is composed of four confederated pro- 
vinces — these are : to the east Nova Scotia and 
New Brunswick, which are known as the Mari- 
time Provinces, in the centre the Province of 
Quebec, and to the west the Province of Ontario. 
■ These Provinces, in all that refers to criminal 



— 6 — 

legislation, the customs, commercial matters, ques- 
tions of general interest, and whatever regards 
the foreign relations of the Dominion, are govern- 
ed by a representative of Her Britannic Majesty ; a 
Senate, the members of which are chosen for life 
by the Sovereign ; and a House of Commons, whose 
members are at a given period elected by the 
people. This constitutes the Parliament of Canada. 

The constitution, by virtue of which this order 
of things exists, is modelled after that of Great 
Britain, which is too well known to require from 
us any analysis to point out the guarantees to liberty 
that it gives, and the civil and political freedom 
which it promotes and protects. 

Apart from the matters of general interest, 
which belong exclusively to the jurisdiction of the 
Federal Parliament, the Provinces have each a 
Local Parliament, for the government of local 
affairs, composed in the Provinces of Quebec, New 
Brunswick and Nova Scotia, of a Lieutenant- 
Governor, a Legislative Council whose members 
are named for life, and a House of Representatives 
whose members are elected by the people ; in the 
Province of Ontario the legislature consists of a 
Lieutenant-Governor, and a House of Assembly 
composed of representatives elected periodically 
by the people. 

The powers of the Local Legislatures, although 
restrained to matters of purely local interest, are 
nevertheless of great importance. The Local Legis- 
latures, for instance, are empowered to legislate 
in all civil matters within their respective terri- 
tories, and have, by virtue of their charters, sole 
jurisdiction over everything that relates to pro- 
prietory rights, and the relations of citizens with 
one another ; they have also the control of the 



public lands within their territories, and may dis- 
pose thereof as they deem proper. 

A clause, it is true, in the constitution, confers 
upon the Parliament of Canada, the right to 
adopt the measures necessary to bring about uni- 
formity in the civil laws, and procedure of the 
Provinces of Ontario, Nova Scotia, and New 
Brunswick. After the passing of a law to that effect, 
the power of the Federal Parliament to legislate 
upon the subjects set forth in the said law, would 
be unlimited ; with this restriction, however, that 
an act providing for this uniformity should 
have no force in any province, until adopted by 
the Legislature of the province itself. This natural 
desire to assimilate the laws of provinces whose 
civil laws spring from a common source, could 
in no way apply to the Province of Quebec : indeed, 
in virtue of their different origin, our laws are 
free from all Federal intervention whatever. 

With regard to the acts passed by the Federal 
Parliament, Her Majesty has a vetoing power ; 
with regard to those passed by the Local Parlia- 
ment, the veto rests with the Federal Government, 

The right of veto possessed by Her Majesty, is 
the only controlling power which the Metropolitan 
Grovernment reserved for itsef in granting to us 
our constitution ; and it would appear that this 
right was reserved rather as the symbol of suze- 
rainety than as an instrument of power. 

The Civil list is voted by ourselves, we legislate 
for ourselves, and in Criminal matters we may 
be judged only by twelve of our fellow-coun- 
trymen. 

Our revenue being principally derived from 
customs duties, taxation only reaches the citizen 
of Canada indirectlv ; and onlv does so as a con- 



sumer of imported articles or of the spirits and 
tobacco manufactured in the country, upon which 
there is an excise duty. Every one speaks the 
language which he prefers : French and English 
in the eye of the law are upon a footing of perfect 
equality. The laws of the Federal Parliament as 
well as those of the Quebec Legislature are pro- 
mulgated in the two languages, and both tongues 
may be spoken in the Courts of Justice created by 
the Dominion. 

It may be seen by the above that Canada is all 
but Independent. The constitution which since 
two years has governed us, was dictated by our- 
selves in the first place, through our represen- 
tatives, who afterwards submitted it to the British 
Parliament, which sanctioned it without making 
in it any change whatever. Here as in G-reat 
Britain the will of the people, as expressed through 
Parliament, constitutes the supreme law. 

The link which binds us to the British Crown, 
far from being a burden upon us, is a warrant 
of protection and security. As a return for our 
allegiance, England accords to us the support of 
her army and navy, and leaves her flag unfurled 
upon our battlements. The enormous sums of 
money which everywhere else are absorbed to 
mantain standing armies are here applied to the 
creation of a net- work of railways, — to make the 
River St. Lawrence the great commercial highway 
of North America, and the most direct channel be- 
tween the Western States and the markets of Eu- 
rope. 

Now that we have given to the deader a general 
idea of the political organization of Canada, we 
will call his attention particularly to the Province 
of Quebec. 



II. 

THE PROVINCE OE aTJEBEC. 
If istorical Retrospect. 

The city of Quebec, which was the cradle of 
this colony, was founded by Samuel de Champiain ' 
in 1608 ; and it is from this date properly that the 
French can boast of permanent settlements in 
this country. 

Allured from the interests of agriculture by the 
fur trade, and everlastingly engaged in a war of 
colonization with the Indian tribes, who disputed 
with the pioneers of Canada every inch of the 
soil, some time necessarily elapsed before agricul- 
ture acquired even the semblance of importance. 

The foundation of Montreal, in 1642, carried 
sixty leagues into the interior a new group of set- 
tlers, who, thanks to the zeal and generosity of the 
promoters of this settlement, soon became suc- 
cessful competitors with the older settlers of 
Quebec. 

For a loin? time Canada could boast of no regular 
system of government, the affairs of the colony 
having been intrusted entirely to the large trading 
companies which had obtained charters from the 
King of France. This system, it was felt very 
soon, was incompatible with the establishment of a 
country, as many interests of a purely personal 
nature, stood in the way of national expansion. 



— 10 — 

111 1663 the creation of a Council of Adminis- 
tration by the Sovereign, called the Conseil Su- 
perieur, gave to the colony a civil Grovernment 
adapted to its necessities. This new organization 
and the establishment of regular tribunals, linked 
with the more marked protection of the Metropo- 
litan Grovernment, aided greatly to the develop- 
ment of the country. 

From the be£>innin^ the land fit for cultivation 
that bordered on the St. Lawrence was divided 
into seigniories, each embracing many miles in 
superficies, which were granted to the settlers, 
who, by their military services or birth, were 
deemed worthy thereof, upon the condition, how- 
ever, that within a given delay they would cause 
to settle on the land granted to them a certain 
number of inhabitants. Besides this, the seignior 
obliged himself to build a mill whereat his fee- 
farmers (censitaires) might bring their grain to be 
ground. 

Failing to comply with these conditions, the 
rights of the defaulting seignior were annulled, 
and the seigniory became united to the Royal 
Domain. The obligations imposed upon the sei- 
gniors contributed very materially, in the begin- 
ning, to the settlement of the land. 

The seigniors having for aim to preserve their 
grants, became so many colonization agents, be- 
cause when settlers were wanting to their sei- 
gniories, of necessity they had to induce them to 
come from France. It was by this means that our 
seigniories were established. The regiments of the 
line at intervals disbanded in the colony, also con- 
tributed a considerable contingent as well of sei- 
gniors as of (censitaires) settlers. 

The term censitaire was then as now used to de- 



— 11 — 

signate the proprietor of a farm granted by the 
seignior. The seignior was obliged to make this 
grant of land without the payment of ready money, 
but in consideration of the payment of a rent 
by the settler of a ha'penny and a quart of wheat 
per superficial acre. Upon every change oi pro- 
prietorship by sale, or act in the nature thereof, the 
seignior was entitled to a twelfth of the purchase 
money of the farm sold. Moreover, the censitaire or 
farmer was bound to cause the grain consumed 
by himself and family to be ground at the seignior's 
mill, paying for such grinding a fourteenth part of 
the quantity brought to the mill. 

Far from being a hindrance to their censitaires, the 
seigniors were their natural protectors and coun- 
sellors, and for many, many years proved faithful 
to the noble part which they were created to play 
in our society. 

"With the colonist, the seigniors were the highest 
representatives of Civil authority, and during times 
of war it was they who led the settlers into the field. 
Descended in the greater number of cases from the 
old French nobility, they had no difficulty what- 
ever in maintaining the ascendency ascribed to 
them in this colony. Their education, their breed- 
ing, their liberal minds and relative good fortune 
would in any case have entitled them to conside- 
ration from their subordinates, independently of 
their territorial possessions, and must have placed 
them at the head of the civil and military affairs of 
the colony. 

Keeping up a constant correspondence with 
France, these great families kept alive in the me- 
mories of the people the legends and traditions of 
the mother country, until education became sum- 



eiently extended to fix them permanently as a 
portion of the history of the new world. 

What the seignior was in the civil order, the 
Homan Catholic priesthood were more effectively 
still in the moral and spiritual. 

As the colonists spread themselves and formed 
into groups along the borders of the St. Lawrence, 
the necessities of religion begat the parochial orga- 
nization, which in a very short time eliminated 
the seigniorial circumscriptions. 

The towns of Quebec, Three Rivers and Mon- 
treal were in the first place erected into parishes. 
Following this, every group as it became large 
enough, and counted a sufficiently extensive clear- 
ing, became detached from the surrounding town ; 
thus, little by little was formed, on either side of 
the St. Lawrence, that double line of parishes 
which stretches without interruption from one ex- 
tremity of the Province to the other. 

Thanks to the fertility of our soil, willing hearts 
and simple habits, the colonists very soon enjoyed 
contentment and ease. 

In the course of time the modest wooden chapel 
gave way to the stone pile, surmounted by an 
elegant belfry : the church built, the glebe fol- 
lowed closely, and the town hall. These, the 
glebe house and the public hall, were places 
whereat the freeholders met together to debate 
upon all questions of public interest, and to select 
officers to superintend the public roads. 

Such was the state of the colony, when the war 
of 1760 put an end to French domination in this 
country. Impoverished by this struggle, which 
dated back about five years, and by a drought of 
two consecutive years, the colony lost some of her 
most remarkable men, many of whom preferred 



— 13 — 

returning to France rather than submit to English, 
rule. 

When New France was ceded to England in 
1763 by the Treaty of Paris, it comprised a popu- 
lation of 70,000 French Canadians. Conformably 
with the articles of capitulaton ratified by the 
treaty, the civil laws which up to that time had 
prevailed in the colonies, and the institutions 
existing at the time, were finally and forever 
maintained in their integrity. 

In the beginning the new domination was 
not without giving rise to uneasiness and suspi- 
cion ; things which for a time retarded the progress 
of the colony. 

In 1791, the introduction of a constitutional 
mode of government, and the division of Canada 
into two provinces, brought in with it an era of 
peace and prosperity to the colony. The* popula- 
tion of French origin, having, thanks to its great 
vitality, doubled since the conquest, by the divi- 
sion became the arbiter of its own destinies in 
Lower Canada, now the Province of Quebec. 

On the other hand, the British population , in- 
creased by European emigration, and by the acces- 
sion to its ranks of the United Empire loyalists who 
left the United States after the war of Indepen- 
dence, predominated in Upper Canada, now the 
Province of Ontario. Thus removed from all ri- 
valries of race, which might have deterred their 
progress, the two provinces grew up side by side, 
each developing and fortifying the institutions 
proper or peculiar to itself. 

The arrangement of 1791, although liberal in 
many respects, left much to be desired, because 
under it the ministry in both the Provinces were 
beyond the control of their respective Legislatures. 



— 14 — 

Yery often the arbitrary measures of these irres- 
ponsible functionaries provoked great conflicts 
between the executive and the representatives of 
the people. In Lower Canada especially, these po- 
litical grievances, joined to the natural susceptibi- 
lities of the people, not unfrequently chafed, as- 
sumed, about the year 1834, the character of an 
agitation. Little by little the parliamentary strug- 
gle found its way into the ranks of the people, and 
caused the insurrection of 1837. Victorious at first, 
the insurgents, however, without arms and with- 
out organization, were very shortly after the first 
flush of victory completely routed ; the constitu- 
tion was at the same time suspended, and martial 
law proclaimed. In Upper Canada the agitation, 
at first purely constitutional in its origin, became 
so envenomed at last, that its suppression required 
also the coercive power of martial law. 

Upon a close investigation into the causes of the 
insurrection, and with the view of removing them, 
the British Parliament passed an Act establishing 
a Legislative Union between Upper and Lower 
Canada. The Union Act was proclaimed law in 
1841, after having been sanctioned in Upper Canada 
by its Legislature, and in Lower Canada by the 
Special Council, which during the suspension of 
the constitution had exercised legislative func- 
tions. 

The new constitution, while it established a 
Legislative Union between Upper and Lower 
Canada, and decreed equality in representation 
between them, did in no way disturb the geogra- 
phical limits of the respective provinces. "When it 
came into force, the population of Upper Canada 
was at least a third less than that of Lower Canada ; 
but owing to the fact of the location of English- 



— 15 — 

speaking settlers in the two Provinces, the Brit- 
ish people had acquired a preponderating voice 
in the new Legislature. This caused the Lower 
Canadians to look upon the Act of Union with 
repugnance ; but seeing themselves in the mino- 
rity, and unable to modify the order of things 
imposed upon them, they resolved to accommodate 
themselves to their new position, and to make 
the most out of it. The fortunate alliances formed 
between tne leaders of Lower Canada and the re- 
formers of Upper Canada, soon placed them in a 
position to regain their legitimate influence, which, 
for the moment, they had looked upon as menaced, 
and enabled them to carry out practically in their 
most liberal application the principles of self-gov- 
ernment. 

The political equilibrium once established be- 
tween the Provinces ; the concentration of their 
forces, and the happy commingling of the various 
aptitudes and tendencies, of mind of their respec- 
tive populations, placed Canada within a short 
time in a position to advance safely and rapidly 
on the pathway of progress. 

It was then that primary education was fixed 
upon the broad bases it has preserved up to 
this day and perfected. A few years later, and 
our municipal system was established, which has 
proved an elementary school wherein the people 
have learned, in a restricted sense, the rudiments 
of the parliamentary system by which their des- 
tinies are controlled. Through the means of a 
well devised scheme of canals, the navigation of the 
St. Lawrence was facilitated up to the great lakes 
which constitute its well-head ; and thus has been 
opened out to the products of the West, that na- 
tural highway over which they have since floated, 



— 16 — 

and which must one day he the great channel of 
communication between the Great West and the 
markets of Europe. 

While these important operations were going on, 
on the St Lawrence and its tributaries, a net- 
work of railways and telegraph lines uniting with 
one another, the great commercial. and agricultural 
centres of the two provinces, was being perfec- 
ted. The building of these railways made through 
our forests such openings also, as were soon filled 
up by hardy settlers. 

The accomplishment of these great enterprises 
gave to our commerce, industry and agriculture 
ail impetus which was well seconded by the aboli- 
tion of the feudal land system. Ideas and habits 
had undergone great changes since the introduc- 
tion of the seignioral system into the colony. The 
fluctuations of commerce, and the general activity 
of trade, made the mutations of property much 
more frequent. And far from being as heretofore a 
protection to the censitaire, the rights and privileges 
of the seignior in later times became an obstacle 
to him and a restraint upon his every day transac- 
tions, and a means of preventing the expenditure 
of capital upon agricultural ameliorations. So out 
of proportion with the times and its requirements 
was the seigniorial system, that necessity de- 
manded its abolition. This secular institution, 
which in other countries was only overthrown 
after sanguinary struggles, was here thrust aside 
peaceably in the name of public interests. In 
1854 all the casual rights of the seigniors, such 
as loch et ventes, banalite, refraif, &c, were abolish- 
ed by the Canadian Parliament, and more than 
three millions of dollars was voted to indem- 
nify the seigniors for the sn lion of their pri- 



— 17 

vileges. Of the feudal rights, the only vestige which 
attaches to the properties heretofore subject to them, 
there remains but the primitive proprietory ground 
ient(rente fonciere) for and in consideration of which 
the land was originally ceded : and this, it is by 
law provided, is redeemable at the will of the 
censitaire or holder. 

The administration of justice, which until 1857 
was concentrated in the principal cities of the Pro- 
vince and comprised only seven large districts, was 
in that year remodelled, and the seven districts sub- 
divided into twenty judicial districts, from the 
Courts of which, in all cases over a stipulated 
amount, an appeal lies to the Appeal side of the 
Queen's Bench. Over and above the immediate 
advantage, of placing the means of legal redress 
within the reach of the people, the decentraliza- 
tion of justice has distributed throughout the 
rural districts the excess of professional gentlemen, 
who up to that event had exclusively centered in 
the large cities of the Province. The spread of the 
classics, coupled with this, helps to-day to create 
that intellectual and political activity which, in 
each of these districts, moulds its magistrates and 
forms its priests, its newspaper and practical men, 
and as it were, stamps it with a proper individua- 
lity. 

As a complement to this new order of things 
followed the codification of the civil and commer- 
cial laws of Lower Canada, which has blended 
together and given consistency to the old Customs 
of Paris, bequeathed to us by France, the En- 
glish commercial law, our provincial or statu- 
tory law, and the principles emanating from more 
modern jurisprudence, in as far as these qua- 
drated with our usages and the conditions of 



— 18 — 

our society. This code of laws is called the " Civil 
Code of Lower Canada and the Code of Civil 
Procedure ; " it was promulgated in the English 
and French languages, and is the work of six 
of our most eminent jurisconsults, during a period 
comprising about ten years. We are proud of this 
code of laws, because we look upon it as a gua- 
rantee of stability to our young society, and we, 
moreover, take pride in the reflection that the 
nations are very few who could give to them- 
selves so complete a written law. 

While the progress noticed by us was being 
made in Lower Canada, a parallel movement in 
Upper Canada led to the rapid development of 
its resources, and the perfecting of its institu- 
tions. The discontent existing at the period of the 
Union amongst the Lower Canadians, because of 
the equality in representation accorded to Upper 
Canada, notwithstanding its numerical inferiority, 
little by little disappeared, as the equilibrium be- 
tween the populations of the two Provinces estab- 
lished itself. Owing to the large emigration from 
the British Isles which flocked to Upper Canada, 
its population at the last census, in 1861, exceeded 
that of Lower Canada by nearly three hundred 
thousand souls. This inverted the previous position 
of the two Provinces, and Upper Canada, because 
of her excess of people, never ceased to clamor for a 
representation in proportion to the surplus of her 
population. Lower Canada, which at the time of the 
Union had to complain of a far more vexing dis- 
proportion, offered to the pretentions of Upper 
Canada on this head a most unswerving opposition. 
The state of political parties became gradually 
unhinged over this absorbing and vexing ques- 
tion of representation ; and for a time one party sue- 



— 19 — 

ceeded the other, powerless seemingly to find a 
satisfactory solution for it. 

Things had reached this crisis, when in 1864 the 
Maritime Provinces, desiring to form a confederacy 
between themselves, sent delegates to a conven- 
tion held at Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, 
with the view of laying the bases of the projected 
union. Some of the ministers of the Canadian 
Government, who, from 1859, had meditated a 
confederacy comprising all the British Provinces in 
North-America, found the Convention at Charlotte- 
town a proper occasion to launch forth their scheme. 
They therefore solicited and obtained permission 
to assist at that Convention. Some time later dele- 
gates from all the British Provinces met at Quebec 
and adopted the project of Confederation, which 
in 1867 became the Constitution of the Dominion 
of Canada. 

Such in a few words is the history of the vicissi- 
tudes and progress of the Province of Quebec, 
since its beginning as a colony of France down to 
the present day. 



III. 



POPULATION. 

At the last census, in 1861, the population of the 
Province of Quebec amounted to 1,110,664 souls ; 
of these 847,982 were of French origin, 13,179 were 
natives of England, 56.357 were natives of Ireland, 
13,204 were natives of Scotland and 167,578 were 
natives of Canada ; the greater number of the latter 
were the descendants of settlers from the British 
Isles, the remainder of the population consisted of 
natives of the United States, of the neighbouring 
Provinces and of the various countries of Europe. 
Classified according to religion, the population of 
the Province is composed of 942,724 Catholics, and 
167,940 Protestants, &c. 

The population of French origin occupies nearly 
the whole basin of the St. Lawrence, aud is spread- 
ing rapidly into other portions of the Province. 
The population from the British Isles is principally 
concentrated in the cities, and predominates in the 
southern part of the Eastern Townships and in the 
Valley of the Ottawa. (For further particulars on 
this head the reader is referred to the Appendix.) 

The diversities of race and language, far from 
being with us sources of weakness, are considered 
by many as the chief causes of the progress and 
activity of our population. The races who hold the 
soil in common contribute to the even-working 
of our young society their* aptitudes and special 
genius ; and from a combination of their various 
powers springs that wholesome emulation, which 



— 21 — 

imparts vigor to our people in the pursuit of the 
different careers which are open to them. 

From information taken from the most reliable 
sources, it would appear that the number of 
emigrants who passed over from France to Canada, 
from the founding of the colony to the capturing 
of Quebec in 1759 ; that is to say, during the space 
of one hundred and forty years, scarcely exceeded, 
both sexes included, ten thousand souls. As pre- 
viously remarked, at the date of the signing of the 
Treaty of Paris, in virtue of which Canada was 
handed over to Great Britain, the French popula- 
tion in this colony numbered 70,000 souls. The 
change of Government, by suddenly cutting short 
their relations with the mother country, left the 
Canadians, socially, what the France of Louis XIV. 
had made them ; and from that time they are in- 
debted for the increase of their population to no 
other cause but their natural expansion ; that is to 
say, to the excess of births among them over deaths. 

Mr. E. Rameau, a French writer of great merit, 
who visited this country some years ago, and who 
made a profound study of French colonization in 
America, traced out with wonderful precision the 
sources whence derived the different groups of 
the Franco- American population. In his book enti- 
tled : La France aux Colonies — he sums up in the 
following terms, as striking on the ground of their 
exactitude as they are remarkable in structure, 
the results of his inquiries relative to the French- 
Canadians : — 

" The people to whom these remarks relate," say's 
he, "sprang not, as many may have believed, from 
a few adventurers, or a handful of men whom 
hazard thrust forward, or a few aimless citizens 
enrolled by the State. Far from it : the immigration 



22 . 

was a real transplanting of an integral portion of the 
French nation, — the peasant, the soldier, the squire 
and seignior ; it was a colony in the Roman accep- 
tation of the word, which carried the mother land 
along with it. The substance of the people or 
rather the vital powers of the race represent a real 
infusion into the heart of Canada, of the life-blood 
of the French peasantry ; it was families sought after 
and grouped with a particular care, who trans- 
planted with themselves the manners, the habits, 
and the idiosyncracies of their native cantons, so 
faithfully, as to astonish, even to-day, the traveller 
from France ; it is besides disbanded soldiers with 
their officers at their head who settled on the land, 
under the protection of the old flag ; these were 
the essential principles and original elements of the 
Canadian population. " 

Since the cession of Canada to England by 
France, there has been no French emigration to 
this Province worthy of note ; in fact the thing is 
so exceptional, that we may say it has ceased. It 
would appear as if it had been left to Miss Bernard, 
a French lady distinguished alike for her qualities 
of head and heart, to open out again for French 
emigrants the road to Canada, forgotten by them 
for more than a century. "With the view of amelio- 
rating the condition of the poorer classes in the 
midst of whom she resides at Plouha, in Britanny. 
Miss Bernard conceived the happy idea of sending 
to, and establishing in Canada, at her own expense, 
about thirty families from Britanny. This pro- 
ject of hers, so worthy of being ranked with the 
laudable works and sacrifices of the founders of the 
colony, met from the Government, the Colonization 
Society of Quebec, and the public, the warmest 
expressions of sympathy ; and should it succeed, 



as it promises to do, it will we hope be the signal 
for a considerable emigration from France to Ca- 
nada. 

The first English emigrants who came to this 
country after the signing of the Treaty of Paris in 
1763, settled in the towns, and devoted themselves 
exclusively to trade, which within a short time 
they monopolized. This was comparatively easy, 
owing lo the disappearance of the French traders, 
who for the most part were ruined by the con- 
quest. From the beginning of the war the circula- 
tion of gold and silver had all but ceased, and the 
French merchants were forced to accept the assi- 
gnats at par : evidences of indebtedness which were 
finally repudiated. This repudiation proved ruinous 
to French trade, and it was only in 1832 that the 
French Canadians became emancipated from the 
effect of this commercial disaster, and obtained that 
credit in Europe which enabled them to assume 
gradually their legitimate place in the broader 
sphere of our commercial operations. 

As we have previously remarked, the American 
war of independence caused to migrate to Canada 
a considerable number of United Empire Loyalists, 
who preferred, to the nascent republic against 
which they had fought, the flag of their fatherland. 
To recompense their allegiance and fidelity, the 
English Government granted to these faithful ad- 
herents to her cause magnificent tracts of land in 
the Eastern Townships and in the fertile penin- 
sula formed by the great lakes of Upper Canada. 
The bulk of these loyalists sought out the locality 
where the fertility of the soil seemed to offer the 
greatest inducements, and from their settling in 
Ontario, dates, properly speaking, its colonization. 
Others of these loyalists fixed themselves in the 



— 24 — 

southern part of the Eastern Townships, and 
formed in the Province of Quebec the first agri- 
cultural settlement of inhabitants of British ori- 
gin. For a long time, the majority of the emi- 
grants from the British Isles thitherward directed 
their steps, and little by little established in this 
region a flourishing district, which has become 
as it were a mirror of the mother country. Later 
on this emigration sought out the Yaliey of 
the Ottawa, where, aided by the lumber trade, but 
a short time elapsed before prosperity overtook them 
in their new homes. 



IV. 



THE CLIMATE. 

The rigor of our winter season is very much exag- 
gerated in Europe, and so often advanced as a serious 
objection to the country, that we shall allude to it 
here, to show that it is not at all what it has been, 
represented. 

Our climate is unquestionably the most healthy 
in North America, and there is no European who 
has resided here a year, who does not prefer our 
brilliant skies and bracing cold to the sleet and fog 
of some of the more populous countries of Europe. 

Among our population disease is unknown, ex- 
cept that caused by inequality of diet or imprudent 
exposure to atmospheric changes. And those who 
shudder at the idea of the thermometer falling to 
zero, will scarcely credit that the gradual annual 
diminution in the fall of snow, in certain parts of 
Canada, is a source of positive regret to the farmers 
of those localities. 

The snows of Quebec are not so unfavorable to 
agricultural operations as many are inclined, very 
erroneously, to believe. Thanks to our winters, the 
soil, during at least five months of the year, enjoys 
rest and acquires that vigor which, with us, pro- 
motes a sudden ripeness of vegetation that is un- 
known to a similar degree in other countries. Our 
cereals and fruits attain to perfect maturity, and 
in point of quality and quantity, our crops will com- 
pare favorably with those of any part of the world. 

To support this, we will cite the testimony of Mr, 



— 26 — 

James Snowdon, an enlightened farmer from the 
neighborhood of Montreal, who, on being examined 
in 1868 by a Committee of the Legislature, proved, 
by the most unimpeachable statistics, that the ave- 
rage yield of a well cultivated farm here equals the 
yield of one in England. 

The period during which ploughing is carried 
on in more favored climates, may here be shortened 
by our long winters, but this disavantage is more 
than compensated in the excellence of our winter 
roads, and the great facilities which they afford 
in conveying produce to market, in drawing ma- 
nure, and hauling out wood from the forest. 

A narration of facts bearing upon fruit culture 
may convey a more correct notion of the adapta- 
tion of the climate to the purposes of agriculture, 
than a bare reference to monthly and annual means 
of temperature. 

The Island of Montreal is everywhere distin- 
guished for the excellent quality of its apples ; and 
the Island of Orleans, below Quebec, is equally ce- 
lebrated for its plums. The melon and tomato ac- 
quire large dimensions, and ripen fully with us 
in the open air. Indian corn, hops, and tobacco, 
when grown, yield a fair return. Hemp and flax 
are indigenous plants, and can be cultivated to a 
great extent in the Province of Quebec. ' 

Another instance which will show that our cli- 
mate is not after all so severe, is that sparrows have 
been easily acclimatized; and in Quebec a nu- 
merous brood exists and may be seen during the 
winter season, no matter what the weather, flitting 
about the house tops and public squares of the 
city, to the immense delight of the natives of the 
land from which they were brought. 



— 27 — 

The summer of Quebec is equal to that of Tou- 
louse, in the south of France ; and the summer of 
Montreal equal to that of Marseilles. 

Fever and ague, so terrible to settlers in Illinois, 
Indiana, and other States of the American Union, 
cannot reach us in this Province. 



V. 



THE SOIL AND IT3 PRODUCTIONS. 

The soil of the Province of Quebec is extremely 
rich, and susceptible of the highest degree of culti- 
vation, and adapted for the growth of the most 
varied products. Cereals, hay, and green crops grow 
everywhere in abundance, where the land is at all 
properly tilled. Farming being generally carried on 
with us on a larger scale than in Europe, it is 
beyond a doubt true that less care is bestowed upon 
its details ; nevertheless the soil yields in perfection 
and abundance the necessaries of life. 

The basin of the St. Lawrence consists of an 
argiiaceous soil, eminently suited to the growth of 
wheat. This cereal was, until 1845, when the wheat 
fly first made its appearance, cultivated with suc- 
cess. 

The cultivation of wheat having then become 
precarious, attempts were made on all sides to find 
in its stead some other equally profitable^ cereal. 
For a long time it had been cultivated at little or no 
expense, and had tyeen to our farmers the chief 
source of fortune. To counteract the disaster caused 
by the appearance of the fly, not only were our 
farmers compelled to abandon the growing of 
wheat, but they were forced to modify the prevail- 
ing system of farming. It was upon the wheat ' 
crop, when the harvest was propitious, that they 
relied for the expenses which the necessaries of life 
entailed, and for the sums required for their plea- 
sures and luxuries; it was in fact with it that all 



— 29 — 

our large villages were built While the earth yield- 
ed an abundance of wheat nothing was easier than 
the system or order of things which prevailed. But 
when it ceased to do so, our agriculturists, finding 
themselves cut short in their expectations, became 
extremely embarrassed, and, menaced with famine, 
had at last, to save themselves, to turn to the culti- 
vation of what they heretofore disdainfully called 
the menus grains, and the raising of cattle. Many 
years of uneasiness passed before the radical trans- 
formation, which our system of agriculture has 
undergone, became compatible to the tastes of our 
people ; many delayed bending under Ihe yoke of 
necessity, in the hope that the fry would disappear, 
while others lost their time in unsuccessful at- 
tempts to apply over advanced theories. Little by 
little, however, the current of opinion made head- 
way, and the new mode of farming obtained ; the 
change involved a difficult step, but it implied 
the progressive recognition of principles of agricul- 
ture, the development of which are to-day marked 
and striking. 

Simultaneously with the relaxation of the tradi- 
tionary routine of farming, were created Agricultu- 
ral Societies, with the view of helping to complete 
the eflacement of worn-out theories and notions. Be- 
fore the law relating to agriculture was generally 
understood, or advantage.derived from its whole- 
some precepts, several years passed away; but like 
everything which is really useful and good, it 
was finally comprehended and everywhere applied 
with profit ; and thanks to the assistance accorded 
by the Government, in the course of time every 
county became anxious to have its Society, its 
exhibitions, and ploughing matches. From this 
time is to be noticed an augmentation and an ame- 
lioration in our agricultural products. 



— 30 — 

We have no statistics to show the increase since 
1861 in the products of our farms, and to illustrate 
the perfecting of our breeds of cattle, as well by the 
introduction of foreign stock as by the greater 
care bestowed upon native breeds in the way of 
feeding and stabling, during the winter months; 
but it is incontestable that manures have increased 
within these years, and cattle of all kinds have 
multiplied as greatly in numbers as they have 
increased in other respects. 

Though progress is universal with us, it has not 
everywhere attained a uniform.high degree, In the 
neighbourhood of cities, where land has acquired 
great value, and manure is easily obtained, the 
farmer is by the force of circumstances compelled 
to make every inch of his land yield its utmost, if he 
hopes to derive from the sale of his crop a sum of 
money sufficient to meet the interest on the capital 
which his farm represents. Therefore, nearly all 
the farms in the vicinity of our large cities are 
veritable model farms. As we recede from the 
cities however, the mode of farming changes ; larm 
gardening and forced growing become rarer, but 
the prairies assume greater beauty, and rich green 
pasture lands in all directions enliven the eye. 
Wherever more land is under cultivation than can 
be conveniently manured, there is sown clover 
and hay and grains adapted for forage ; not only 
is the soil benefited by this, bat it augments the 
harvest, and places the farmer in a position to raise 
good cattle. 

Agriculture has made great strides in this pro- 
vince within the past ten years, and continues daily 
to progress. The growing of wheat has been suc- 
cessfully resumed and the harvests of 1868 and 1869 
shew extremely favorable and very promising- 
results. 



VI 



TERRITORIAL DIVISIONS. 



The Province, as regards civil matters, is divided 
into parishes, townships, counties and districts ; as 
regards religious matters, it is divided into parishes, 
missions and dioceses. 

The parochial system, commenced at the found- 
ing of the colony, has been preserved in its inte- 
grity, wherever at the period of the cession of the 
country to England it existed, and has been ex- 
tended, down to our own time, to every new 
settlement established by Catholics. "Whenever a 
new territory is sufficiently populous to form a 
parish, the diocesan Bishop, upon a requisition to 
that end made by the majority of the inhabitants 
of the place, orders its canonical erection as a 
parish, and by a proceeding somewhat analagous, 
the civil authority then orders its civil erection. 
The parish thus created becomes a Municipal Cor- 
poration. 

The Townships are of English origin. After the 
cession of Canada to Britain, the English land 
system of holding in free and common soccage was 
substituted for the feudal system upon all Crown 
lands, and then the township took the place of the 
seigniory. The regular limits of a township are 
ten miles square, or 100 superficial miles. Such 
townships as are not subdivided into parishes pre- 
serve for all municipal and other purposes their 
legal limits. 

The Counties were established for the purposes 



— 32 — 

of representation, each county having the right to 
send one member to the Federal Parliament for 
the term of five years, and one representative to 
the Local Legislature every four years. Besides 
this, each county forms a Registration Division for 
the enregistration of mortgages, &c. The parish 
and township municipalities comprised in a county, 
form what is called a county municipality. In the 
Province of Quebec, exclusive of the city electoral 
divisions, there are sixty counties. 

For judicial purposes, the Province is divided 
into twenty districts, each judicial district having 
ample and equal jurisdiction in all matters, except 
appeals, which are referred to the Court of Appeals. 
This Court sits alternately at Quebec and Montreal ; 
its decisions are final in all matters in which the 
sum involved does not exceed $2,000 ; over and 
above this sum, an appeal lies to the Privy Council 
in England, whose decision is final. 

The number of Catholic dioceses is five, viz. : 
The Archidiocese of Quebec, the Dioceses of Mon- 
treal, Three Rivers, St. Ilyacinthe and Riinouski. 

The Protestant dioceses number two, — Quebec 
and Montreal. 



VII. 



MUNICIPAL INSTITUTIONS. 

* 

Constructing and keeping in repair the roads, 
bridges, public works of a purely local' nature, and 
the maintaining of laws favorable to agriculture ; 
such are the functions of our municipal institu- 
tions. 

Every duly established parish, and every town- 
ship numbering 300 souls, becomes a local mu- 
nicipality. Five or seven Councillors, elected 
yearly by the rate-payers, administer the municipal 
affairs of the parish or of the township." The Mayor, 
who is selected from the Councillors elected as 
above, by a majority of the Votes of these Coun- 
cillors, presides over their deliberations, and during 
the term of his office is the chief magistrate of the 
locality. 

To be an elector in one of these municipalities, 
a person must have attained the age of twenty-one, 
possess a property yielding at least $4 per annum, 
or be the lessee of an immoveable property paying 
a rental of not less than $20 a year. 

Besides, and superior to the Local Council, there 
exists what is termed the County Council, which 
has a right of revision over the acts of the inferior 
Council. From the decision of the Local Council 
there lies an appeal to the County Council. The 
County Council also elects, from among its Coun- 
cillors, its chief officer, who is called the Warden of 
the County. Ail questions that affect more than one 

3 



— 34 — 

local municipality, fall within the jurisdiction of 
the County Council. 

Our municipal laws have just been codified and 
the Code actually adopted by the Legislature ; its 
being put into force is merely deferred for a few 
months. 

The municipal system, as understood in this 
Province, is the annual delegation by the rate- 
payers of their powers to the Councillors elected, 
who thereby become a legal Corporation, having 
to administrate, for the common good, the affairs of 
the municipality. It is, properly speaking, the appli- 
cation, in each parish and township, of the re- 
presentative system of government. 

Municipal Corporations are subject to our ju- 
dicial tribunals for infractions of the law, as well 
as for abuse, usurpation, or mis-user of the powers 
conferred upon them. 



VIII. 



EDUCATION. 

A member of the Executive Council for the Pro- 
vince of Quebec, called the Minister of Public 
Instruction, controls and directs public instruction 
in this Province. The gentleman who fills that 
important office at present is the Premier of the 
Local Government. Ever since 1855, the Honorable 
Mr ; Chauveau, the present incumbent, has directed 
all matters relating to education, and it is to him, 
in a great measure, that we are indebted for the 
high degree of perfection which our educational 
system has reached to-day. 

The Minister of Public Instruction is assisted in 
his duties by a council composed of twenty-one- 
members, selected and named by the Lieutenant- 
Governor, fourteen of whom are Catholics and 
seven Protestants. If at any time ten Catholic or 
five Protestant members of the Council shall be 
of opinion that the Catholic or Protestant schools, 
or educational institutions, as the case may be,. 
shall be separately managed, the law provides^ 
in such case for the separation of the council, 
which then resolves itself into two councils, so as to . 
enable the members of each of the religious creeds 
to have the exclusive direction or management of 
the schools of their respective denominations. The - 
Minister of Public Instruction is by law a member- 
ex-officio of each council, with the proviso, how- 
ever, that he shall only have the right to vote in 
the council of the religious faith to which he be- 



— 36 — 

longs. Let us here, however, state that nothing in- 
dicates a desire to put into operation that clause of 
the law, which seems only to have been inserted 
as a preservative. On the contrary, the friendly 
relations which have not ceased to exist among 
the gentlemen of different religious denominations 
who constitute now, as heretofore, the Council 
of Public Instruction, together with the care taken 
in selecting those who fulfil these honorable and 
delicate functions, seem to promise a continuance 
of the present good understanding, which results 
from a scrupulous regard for mutual rights 311& a 
generous interpretation of motives ; thus cemented, 
the actual good feeling will long exist and reflect 
honor upon the Province. 

Primary education is obligatory, in so iar as 
every citizen is bound to contribute to it a moderate 
tax, assessed upon his property. This tax is levied 
to an amount equal to the school grant accorded by 
the Government to every municipality in the Pro- 
vince. Over and above this, heads of families have 
to pay a monthly fee, varying from five to forty 
cents for every child of an age (between 7 and 14 
years) suitable to attend school, whether the child 
goes or not. 

The public moneys set apart for public instruc- 
tion are divided according to the population, and 
to the number of pupils who frequent primary «or 
other schools. There is annually allowed to poor 
municipalities the sum of $8,000. so as to relieve 
those who have little or no means from any imme- 
diate contribution for school purposes. 

Primary schools are placed under the control of 
five Commissioners, elected by the rate-payers of 
each municipality. These functionaries are bound 
to collect the school tax ; are entrusted with the 



— 37 — 

sums granted by the G-overnment, and attend to 
the dividing of the moneys among the different 
schools established in the municipality. 

In municipalities where there exist different re- 
ligious denominations the School Commissioners 
of the majority govern. If the minority are not 
satisfied with their management in what concerns 
them specially, they may signify their dissent to 
the President of the School Commissioners, and 
select Syndics or Trustees to direct their own 
schools. The schools of the minority in this case 
are called dissentient schools, and the Trustees 
with regard to them are invested with powers equal 
to those of the Commissioners of the schools of 
the majority. The School Commissioners, however, 
shall alone have power to levy taxes on the lands 
and real estate of corporations and incorporated 
companies in the municipality, subject, neverthe- 
less, to hand over to the Trustees of the dis- 
sentient schools their legal share of the same, and 
the proportion of the G-overnment grant, which 
lawfully reverts to them. 

Thanks to these guarantees, the minority, be 
it Catholic or Protestant, has not to fear being 
oppressed, nor does the suspicion anywhere lurk, 
as the best understanding exists among the dif- 
ferent religious bodies. To those who live in coun- 
tries where only one religion is known, or who 
live amongst people afflicted with indifferentism, 
compiomises such as we have related may appear 
puerile or irritating, but with us, their happy results 
are unanimously admitted. " We agree to disagree," 
" nous nous entendons pour diffirer" said the Hono- 
rable Mr. Chauveau iately, before an important as- 
semblage of Protestants. These truthful and happy 
words express our system, and illustrate its practi- 
cability. 



School teachers are trained in special schools oi 
instruction, called Normal schools. These institu- 
tions are supported by the State, and are under the 
immediate supervision of the Minister of Public 
Instruction ; there are three Normal schools in the 
Province, two of which are Catholic and one 
Protestant. The Principal of each of the Catholic 
Normal schools is an ecclesiastic approved by the 
Bishop of the diocese. School teachers educated 
anywhere but in these schools cannot teach in 
schools aided by the Government, unless they ob- 
tain a diploma, after examination, from a board of 
examiners chosen by the Lieutenant-G-overnor. 

There are to-day in the Province of Quebec, 
3,468 primary schools in which elementary instruc- 
tion is given to 173,294 pupils, and 227 secondary and 
model schools, attended by 33,428 pupils. These 
schools are maintained at an annual cost to the Pro- 
vince of $114,982, and receive besides, in local con- 
tributions, the sum of $728,494. 

Inspectors connected with the Education Depart- 
ment and acting under the immediate direction of 
the Minister of Education, are obliged, at least once 
every three months, to visit the schools of the dis- 
trict to which they are appointed, to assure them- 
selves of the competency of the school teachers, 
of the manner in which they discharge their duties, 
— in a word, to see to the proper application of the 
school laws, and to report to the Minister the pro- 
gress made, the deficiencies observed, and the re- 
forms required. 

Besides these schools of primary instruction, 
there are special schools, lyceums, commercial 
schools and schols of agriculture ; in all these 
number 147, and are frequented by 2,186 pupils. 

Following these are superior schools, wherein 



— 89 — 

the classics are mainly taught ; there are fifteen in 
the Province: twelve Catholic and three Protes- 
tant. The Catholic colleges, two of which are 
nearly coeval with the settlement of the coun- 
try, owe their existence and maintenance to the 
generosity and disinterestedness of the clergy. 
In the greater number of cases the professors in 
these colleges are ecclesiastics,, who follow their 
course of theology in the institution in which they 
act as teachers. These gentlemen are content to 
receive as a remuneration the slender sum of $40 
per annum, besides their board and lodging. This 
explains how it is that our seminaries can exist, 
notwithstanding the low rates paid by pupils for 
tuition -and board. As a general rule, the price for 
tuition and board in these colleges does not reach 
the sum of $100, and many young men who are 
devoid of means are educated gratuitously in 
these institutions. (See Appendix.) 

It is not to be wondered at, with such facilities for 
obtaining classical attainments, that education of a 
very superior order should be widely extended in 
the Province. To such an extent has superior educa- 
tion spread with us, that it could not be pushed 
much further, without destroying the equilibrium 
which should exist, in a young country, between 
manual labor and intellectual exertion. 

At the head of our educational institutions are 
three Universities, two of which are Protestant: that 
of McG-ill College, founded in 1827 by a wealthy 
merchant, who gave his name to it, and that of Bi- 
shops' College, Lennoxville, founded in 1843 by 
his Lordship, Bishop Mountain. The Catholic Uni- 
versity, called the Laval University, like the En- 
glish universities, is incorporated, and enjoys pri- 
vileges and immunities similar to them, but beyond 



— 40 — 

this has nothing in common with them or any 
other institution of the kind on this continent. 
This University was founded in 1854, by the Semi- 
nary of Quebec, who spent in the laudable under- 
taking over $ 300,000, and who, even now, sustain 
it at their own expense, without in any way seeking 
a subsidy from the State. 

There are four faculties open in the Laval Uni- 
versity : Theology, Law, Medicine and Arts. The 
McG-ill College has three : Law, Medicine and Arts. 
The Lennoxville College has two : Theology and 
Arts. 



IX. 



RELIGIOUS AND CHARITABLE INSTITUTIONS. 

The social features of our Province would be in- 
complete, did we omit to say a few words res- 
pecting the religious and charitable institutions, 
which form one of its chief ornaments. 

Whether looked at from a Catholic or a Pro- 
testant point of view, the people of this country- 
are eminently religious. 

The first settlers of New France, as remarkable 
for their spirit of piety as for the boldness of their 
undertakings, never considered themselves fixed to 
the soil until they had rooted in it the principal 
religious institutions which they had been taught 
to cherish in the fatherland. And scarcely had they 
laid the foundations of their first towns, when their 
missionaries were to be met with on all sides, and 
at the farthest extremities of the land, evange- 
lizing the Indian tribes, preparing the way for colo- 
nization, and tracing out as it were, in the solitudes 
of the forest, our future cities and strongholds. 
With them also came the Sceurs Hospitalieres, to 
care for the sick and disabled, and the Ursulines 
and the Sisters of the Congregation, orders devoted 
to teaching, followed, to attend the rising generation 
and to assist in civilizing the Indian. Faithful to their 
early promises, these institutions, for the most part 
handsomely endowed by the State or by private 
individuals, have gone on multiplying, and at all 
times answering the requirements of our progress. 



The change of domination brought with it no 
'obstacle to the existence of our religious orders or 
to their mode of living. With the exception of the 
Jesuits and the Recollets, every order was main- 
tained and guaranteed in its rights and privileges, 
and was allowed peacefully to continue and work 
out the end that its founders had in view. These 
institutions have to-day acquired an extraordinary 
vitality ; the Province is covered with their schools, 
they attend to all the religious wants of the com- 
munity, and there is no moral misery or physical 
infirmity which may not be consoled or cured in 
the many asylums with which they have dotted 
the land. Not content w r ith working here in the 
cause of good, they have spread their influence be- 
yond Canada. Go to any point on the continent, 
and you will find the foot-marks and indelible traces 
of the missionaries and good sisters of Canada ; and 
wherever they are you will find them surrounded 
with the respect and confidence of the people,what- 
ever their color or religious belief, in the midst of 
w T hom they exist. 

Under the French domination, the Catholic re- 
ligion was the only religion that existed here. 
By the articles of capitulation, and later by the 
Treaty of Paris, the inhabitants of this Province 
were guaranteed the free exercise of their religion 
by the British Government. Since that period, the 
religious liberty of our people has never been 
infringed upon. 

After w r hat we have said on the subject of educa- 
tion, it is scarcely necessary to add that in matters 
of religion the most perfect toleration exists among 
the different religious denominations to be met with 
in the Province. 

Bv the side of the Catholic charitable institutions 



— 43 — 

have grown up and prospered those of other reli- 
gious communities, between which and the Ca- 
tholic institutions no other rivalry exists than that 
of doing good. 

Yielding in this behalf to the will of the entire 
population, the Government of the Province, each 
year, devotes a considerable portion of its revenue, 
about $160,000, to the support of charitable institu- 
tions. (See Appendix, for details.) 



X. 

MODE OF LIVING. 
Agriculture. 

The great bulk of the rural population live by 
agriculture ; manufacturing being principally, if 
not altogether, confined to the cities. 

The extent of our farms, generally, is, in the 
seigniories that border on the St. Lawrence, 90 
arpents ; those situated in the townships average 
about 100 acres. On a farm of this size, an in- 
dustrious agriculturist raises sufficient to live in a 
condition of ease unknown to the European pea- 
sant, supports his family comfortably, and is en- 
abled from his savings, as his children grow up, to 
establish them in life. 

The greater portion of our rural population weave 
from the wool of their own sheep, the tweed or 
frieze with which they make the clothes used by 
them when working. There was a time, still of 
recent date, when the agriculturist deemed it an 
honor, on feasts and holidays, to wear the fabri- 
cations of his own loom. There are still certain 
localities in which has been persevered in that 
sweet primitive simplicity, under the shadow of 
which flourishes the contentment and artlessness 
of the good old times. 

The summer season is devoted to field labor, in 
which the whole family take part. During the 
winter months, while the male portion of the fa- 



— 45 — 

mily are occupied thrashing the grain and attend- 
ing the cattle, and seeing to the firewood requir- 
ed for the house, the female part remain indoors, 
preparing the linen and woollen fabrics required 
• for domestic use. 

In the seigniories where the farms are on an 
average worth from .$2,000 to $4,000, the number 
of farmers who can establish their children around 
them on farms is comparatively limited, and in 
this there is little room for astonishment, when it 
is remembered that the number of children in one 
family ranges from 10 to 15. In such cases the 
father of the family deems it wiser to sell his farm 
and betake himself to a lot purchased by him 
at a purely nominal rate from the Crown Lands 
Department. Through the means of his capital, 
in a few years, he becomes once more the pos- 
sessor of a magnificent tract, which at his op- 
tion he may divide among his children. Again 
it is the sons, who, aided by the savings of their 
father, leave their native parish to carve out for 
themselves on our public lands magnificent farms, 
and within a few years after their departure they 
generally revisit the old parish, to select from 
among its maidens a companion for life. Again, 
whole families weighted down by misery and debt 
leave the villages and parishes along the St. Law- 
rence to seek in the forest more comfort and better 
days, which, if they are thrifty, they never fail to 
obtain. It is thus that flock to the townships the sur- 
plus population of the older settlements, and in this 
way also is becoming daily more extended the agri- 
cultural industry of the Province. 

The inhabitants of our townships, in general, 
less attached to a particular locality than the 
population of the older settlements, voluntarily 



. — 46 — 

give up their clearings when they get a fair remu- 
neration. 

A settler in the townships will have cleared, say^ 
a fourth or half of his farm when a purchaser pre- 
senting himself, makes a favorable offer, — it is ac- 
cepted without more ado, and the woodsman, goincr 
farther into the woods, begins again a new clear- 
ing, which, as before; he is prepared to sell when 
a favorable opportunity offers. 

The first crops after clearing being extremely 
abundant, there are many persons, as previously 
remarked, who make it a profitable business to 
clear lands, in which within a very short time they 
become extremely expert, and to all appearances 
take great pleasure in their career as woodsmen. 

The emigrant intending to settle in this Province 
would find it advisable to purchase one of these 
partial clearings, rather than attempt the task himself 
at the outset. For the sum of 500 or 600 dollars, 
there are many farms of 100 acres to be had, 15 or 20 
acres of which are fit for cultivation. For this sum. 
with the farm, he will also become" possessed of 
a house, which, though roughly constructed, is 
not uncomfortable, and which will prove amply 
sufncent as a residence for him for a few years. 
Upon the portion of land cleared, he may raise suf- 
ficent grain for the sustenance of his family and 
himself, and if he be stout of heart, within a very 
short time the ease and comfort which will bless 
his labors will make him forget the vicissitudes of 
his earlier career. 

Home Mauufactures. 

The facilities for manufacturing which Canada- 
offers are unsurpassed. No country in the world 



— 47 — 

possesses greater water powers than ours, and in 
no section of the Dominion are the sites for manu- 
fa:tories more eligible than in the Province of 
Quebec. Apart from this great advantage, situated as 
the Province is in the centre of the Dominion, the 
manufacturer possesses avenues of trade, arising 
out of this circumstance, which need not be dwelt 
upon. The small manufacturers of Europe, who are 
unable to cope with the immense capitalists who 
are engaged in that country in this branch of in- 
dustry, would find here immense advantages. 

For enterprize in woollen manufacture there is a 
large field open in the Dominion, and this will be 
better understood when it is explained that, with 
little or no protection, articles of Canadian manu- 
facture can be sold cheaper than those imported. 

The adaptability of our soil for the growth of 
flax offers inducements to those engaged in the 
linen trade, which are nowhere surpassed. 

The principal articles manufactured in the Pro- 
vince are cloth, linen, furniture, leather, sawn 
lumber, flax, iron and hardware, paper, chemicah, 
soap, boots and shoes, cotton and woollen goods, 
steam engines and locomotives, wooden ware of 
all descriptions, agricultural implement?, ships, &c. 

The manufacturer will find an inducement to 
exercise his trade in our midst, when he knows 
that our factories are far from being adequate to sup- 
ply the needs of the country. 

Coiimieree. 

The facilities afforded by the River St. Lawrence 
for the transportation of our exports, and the 
coming in of our importations from Europe, and 
our central position in the Confederacy, make the 



— 48 — 

Province of Quebec the commercial entrepot of the 
Dominion. Of the import and export trade of the 
four Provinces composing the Confederacy, nearly 
one-half, viz., five - twelfths represent the opera- 
tions of this Province. 

The trade and navigation returns of the Domi- 
nion for the fiscal year ending 30th June, 1869, 
show the direction in which the industry of the 
Dominion exerts itself, and exhibit the following 
statistics : 

Total value of imports for 1868-69 $67,402,170 

exports' 1 ' " u 60,474.781 

The returns for 1867-68 show the importations 
to have reached the figure of $71,985,306 ; marking 
a falling off of $4,583,136 in 1868-69 in the value of 
goods entered for consumption. 

A tendency not less favorable is to be observed 
in the value of our exports ; in 1867-68, they reach- 
ed $57,567,888, showing an increase, in 1868-69, 
of $2,906,893, which is chiefly derived from the 
produce of the mines, the forest, manufactures, 
animals, and their products, and from the ships 
built at Quebec. 

The share of the Province of Quebec in the. ex- 
port and import trade of the Dominion for the 
year ending 30th June, 1868-69, is shown by the 
following figures : 

Imports $29,545,177 

Exports ..' 28.223.268 

The following is a classification of our exports : 

Produce of the mine $ 419,015 

" " fisheries 570,507 

" " forest 10,722,651 

Animals and their products 4,982,564 



— 49 — 

Agricultural products 4,856,417 

Manufactures 847,423 

Other articles 67,477 

Ships built at Quebec during the fiscal 

year ending 30th June, 1869—37 ; 

tonnage, 27,000, @, $40 per ton 1,080,000 

Total produce of Province $23,546,054 

Coin and Bullion 1,967,790 

G-oods not produce of Province 1,960,121 

Estimated amount short at inland 

ports 749,303 

Grand total of exports $28,223,268 



XI 



OUE FINANCES. 

As previously remarked, the revenue of Canada 
is principally derived from duties imposed upon 
goods imported into the country, and an excise 
tax on spirits and tobacco manufactured in the 
Dominion. By the terms of the Federal constitu- 
tion, the Dominion Government has the exclusive 
right to collect the revenue, subject to pay over 
to each of the Provinces an annual subsidy — that 
to Quebec amounts to $959,252, which added to 
the~ revenue of the Province itself, the principal 
part of which is derived from the Crown Lands, 
gave $1,535,836, for the fiscal year 1867-68, and 
$1,676,152 for 1868-69. 

With this revenue the Grovernment of the Pro- 
vince meets the requirements of the civil list, the 
expenses of both branches of the Legislature, 
and those of the administration of justice ; under- 
takes and completes its public works, gives grants 
of money for public instruction and to charitable 
institutions, pays an annual contribution to agri- 
cultural societies, and with the balance, which 
is considerable, opens for the settler the vast forest 
lands which we possess. 



XII 



COLO$XZATXdH> 

WHile the seigniories that skirt the River St. 
Tehee afforded available lands to settlers, lit- 
tle by little, slowly if you will for a time, the 
colonization "of the country moved on without 
any direct aid from the Exchequer. Properly 
speaking, it is only within the last twenty years 
that the population of the Province, finding itself 
over-crowded in its primitive limits, sought out on. 
the Crown lands new homes and broader acres. 
The greater number of our seigniories being 
bounded, either by mountainous or marshy land, 
unfit for cultivation, it required nothing less, 
than an imperious necessity to lead to the over- 
coming of the difficulties that beset the new set- . 
tier's path. In 1848, the first movement was made ; 
patronized by our clergy, and approved of by our 
public men, Colonization became the order of 
the day. It was then that, inspired by the voice, 
of zealous missionaries, a party of pioneers from, 
the vicinity of Three Rivers traversed the sa- 
vannas and marshes, vc Ilich up to that time had 
barred the way to the fertile acres of the Eastern 
Townships, against the parishes of the south shore. 
For the most part these hardy adventurers had no 
other fortune but the bundles which they carried 
on their shoulders but they were brave and coura- 
geous men, fully equal to the arduous task before 
them. These men pushed, their way, on ■foot* into.a 



— 52 — 

place known as the Bois-Francs. Few at first, the 
group of settlers within a very short time increased 
in number, notwithstanding the difficulties to be 
met with in the way of want of communication. 
The land about this settlement is extremely fertile, 
and the fatigues and labours of each day were for- 
gotten in the golden hopes which the future held 
out to these energetic pioneers. The success of these 
first settlers became public, through the instru- 
mentality of the press, and led to the current of 
emigration setting in towards the Eastern Town- 
ships ; and within twelve years from "its establish- 
ment, the Bois-Francs contained a population of 
15,000 souls, and rivalled in point of wealth and 
progress the older settlements along the margin of 
the St. Lawrence. At the same time that Three 
Rivers had, through its energy, forced a commu- 
nication with the Eastern Townships, the Counties 
of L' Islet and Kamouraska, on the south shore 
of the Lower St. Lawrence, organized a Coloniza- 
tion Society, with considerable means, which 
settled at a distance of 150 miles in the Upper 
Saguenay, about 90 miles to the North of the St. 
Lawrence, a small colony. To this colony the 
County of Charlevoix also furnished a fair con- 
tingent. Twenty years later, there was settled in 
the valley of the Saguenay a population of no less 
than 20,000 souls. 

Public opinion, aroused by the boldness and the 
success of these enterprises, did not long delay in 
soliciting the Provincial G-overnment to second 
the efforts of those settlers, by causing roads 
to be opened wherever colonization promised 
success. From 1854 down to the present day, there 
has not been less than $1,500,000 paid out- of the 
public Treasury, to open roads through the 



— 53 — 

forests of the Province. The number of miles all 
told of these roads is about 3,800. 

Since the advent of Confederation in 1867, the 
Province of Quebec has determined with new 
vigor to assist in the creation of new settlements. 
The Legislature of the Province in 1869 voted a 
sum of $262,000 for colonization roads ; the sum of 
$45,000 for surveys ; for Immigration $12,000 ; for 
the publication of charts, statements, official infor- 
mation relative to public lands, $2,400 ; grant to 
wooden railroads favoring colonization, $45,000; 
and finally a grant of $40,000 in favor of coloni- 
zation societies — making a total of $406,900. The 
budget of 1870 places at the disposal of the Gro- 
vernment a further sum of $281,000 towards the 
said objects, and for Colonization Societies, the 
nature and object of which we shall explain here- 
after. 

The building of colonization roads, while they 
make the Crown lands accessible to those who 
seek to establish themselves thereon, offer very 
lucrative employment to the new settler, and help 
him to procure the necessaries of life, until such 
time as his clearings warrant him a sufficiency 
for his. sustenance. 



XIII. 



COLONIZATION SOCIETIES. 

'Within a few years past a movement, the forma- 
tion of societies to aid needy settlers, has taken 
place in the older parishes, which shows the great 
importance attached by our people to the settling oi 
our wild lands. Than this, most assuredly, nothing 
could be better adapted to second the efforts of 
the Government, and to accelerate the progress of 
colonization ; for it must be remembered that it is 
not alone sufficient that settlers may easily pene- 
trate into the forest, as the bulk of those who seek 
out homes there are in a state bordering on absolute 
poverty. In this state the benefits of succor are 
very great; and the charitable influence of our 
Colonization Societies is exercised in smoothing 
the way for the settler. 

The Government, while it still, as formerly, 
and to a far greater degree than in the past, as- 
sumes the responsibility of perfecting the' roads 
has also undertaken to assist in the formation 
of these aid associations by giving to each Society 
that is formed a sum equal to the total amount 
paid to it as a subscription by its members. The 
true friends of colonization have perceived in 
this a motive sufficiently powerful to induce men 
in easy circumstances to take part in so philanthro- 
pic and patriotic a work. If the inhabitants of 
the Province of Quebec continue, in the future 
as they have up to the present, to respond to 
the motives involved in the law originating our 



— 55 — 

Colonization Societies, great good must inevitably 
result, — in the first place by the bountiful assis- 
tance which thereby will be given to settlers; 
but above all by making colonization what it 
ought in reality to be, the work of all. 

During the session of 1868, the Parliament of 
the Province of Quebec passed a law autho- 
rizing the formation of Colonization Societies, 
which provided that up to $300, the first regularly 
constituted Colonization Society in any county 
should receive an annual subsidy equal in 
amount to the sum paid in by its members. It 
was also provided that the second and third So- 
ciety in a county should enjoy equal right to a 
subsidy, with this difference, that the sum paid to 
each of the latter should not exceed one hundred 
and fifty dollars. If but one Colonization Society 
be formed in a county, it will be entitled to the 
sums destined for a second and a third Society, 
measureably to the subscription of its members, 
with this exception, however, that to obtain a sum 
over $300, the amount paid in by the members to 
the Society must be double that claimed ; so that 
to obtain the maximum grant allowed, which is 
$600 per county if there be but one Society, its 
members will have to subscribe the sum of $900. 

The law prescribes how the funds of Coloniza- 
tion Societies shall be expended. These Societies 
are bound, among other things, to hasten the clear- 
ing of the Crown lands by the establishing of 
settlers thereon, and to attract to the Province emi- 
gration from distant lands, and to direct the Euro- 
pean emigrant or native settler to such places as 
may have been assigned to them by the Commis- 
sioner of Crown Lands, and to furnish them with 
seed, provisions, and implements of agriculture. 



— 56 — 

Thirty -five Societies formed under this law 
have been already recognized by the Govern- 
ment and are in operation . It will be seen at a 
glance that these Societies are capable of afford- 
ing great aid to the emigrant who may place him- 
self in correspondence, or contact with them. 
(Yide Appendix for a list of them, the names of 
their chief officers, and the principal seats of their 
operations.) 



XIV. 



QUE HOMESTEAD LAW. 

With the view of protecting the settler against 
the reverses, which in the beginning may over- 
take him in his new home, a law, passed by the 
Legislature in 1868, provides that no mortgage 
shall be valid on the land granted to him ; and 
further, that his farm shall not be liable to be sold 
judicially for any debts contracted by him pre- 
vious to his entering upon it. 

Immediately upon his occupancy of a lot of land, 
and for the ten years following the granting to him 
of his letters patent, the undermentioned things 
and effects shall be exempt from seizure and sale 
by virtue of a writ of execution emanating from 
any Court in this Province : 

1. The bed, bedding and bedsteads in ordinary 
use by him and his family ; 

2. The ordinary and necessary wearing appa 
of himself and his family ; 

3. One stove and pipes, one crane and its ap- 
pendages, one pair of andirons, one set of cooking 
utensils, one pair of tongs and shovel, one table, 
six chairs, six knives, six forks, six plates, six tea- 
cups, six saucers, one sugar basin, one milk jug, 
one tea-pot, six spoons, all spinning wheels and 
weaving looms in domestic use, one axe, one saw, 
one gun, six traps, such fishing-nets and seines as 
are in common use, and ten volumes of books ; 



— 58 — 

4. All necessary fuel, meat, fish, flour and vege- 
tables, provided for family use, not more than 
sufficient for the ordinary consumption of the debtor 
and his family for three months. 

5. Two horses or two draught oxen, four cows, 
six sheep, four pigs, eight hundred bundles of hay, 
other forage necessary for the support of these ani- 
mals during the winter, and provender sufficient 
to fatten one pig, and to maintain three during the 
winter. 

6. Vehicles and other implements of agriculture. 

7. The debtor may select, from any larger num- 
ber of the same kind of chattels, the particular 
chattels to be exempt from seizure in virtue of 
this section. 

But nothing in this section shall exempt from 
seizure any of the chattels enumerated in sub- 
section 3, 4, 5 or 6, of this section, in payment of 
any debt contracted in respect of such said chattel. 

This law applies, as succeeding to his rights, to 
the widow, the children, and the heirs of the 
deceased, who is viewed in its provisions. 

The Legislature of the Province has not deemed 
it wise to push beyond the above limits the exemp- 
tions which it has created with a view to the pro- 
tection of settlers. Would it not be in reality a 
source of serious embarrassment to the settler, were 
greater privileges accorded to him than comport 
with the exemptions above enumerated? He re- 
quires a certain amount of credit, to procure such 
things as he may, from time to time, find it neces- 
sary for him to have, and if the law were so 
framed as to place him absolutely beyond its reach, 
is it not natural to believe that the merchant 
would refuse to sell him anything, even the things 
necessary for his sustenance, except for cash. The 



— 59 — 

desire therefore to protect the settler would be 
frustrated, were he placed in a position that 
could not be reached, because by destroying all 
his chances of obtaining credit, we should expose 
him to the necessity of pawning or selling his fur- 
niture and his cattle for the meanest consideration, 
with the view of relieving himself from immediate 
pecuniary necessities. 



XV. 

WOODEN RAILWAYS. 

There are, we believe, few public undertakings 
destined to confer greater benefits upon Coloniza- 
tion than Wooden Eailways. These roads are 
built and worked very much after the fashion of 
iron railways; with this difference, however, 
that the gauge of the wooden railway is narrower, 
and its rails are of hardwood instead of being of 
iron. 

Their principal advantage over the iron rail- 
way is that they cost much less. This is due to 
the fact that they necessitate a smaller outlay for 
embankments, bending as they do more easily to 
the irregularities of the road, and so constructed as 
to surmount tolerably steep grades. Their narrow 
gauge permits of sharper curves in the roadway, 
facilitates the avoidance of obstacles, while the 
adhesive qualities of the wood give to the iron 
car wheels a Greater advantage to surmount such 
obstacles as cannot be avoided in laying the track. 

These wooden railways, on account of the 
cheapness with which they are built and worked, 
are the only roads of that nature which may be pro- 
fitably built, to connect new settlements with our 
larger centres of population. For the plan of these 
roads we are indebted to our neighbors, who bor- 
rowed the idea from Norway. Scarcely two years 
ago "Wooden Eailways were for the first time 
mooted in the Province, and now, thanks to the 
liberality of the Government in behalf of these 
enterprises, there are not less than seven companies 



— 61 — 

formed to construct these roads in different parts 
of the Province. Two of these companies, one at 
Quebec and another at Sherbrooke, have already- 
commenced operations, and the shares of the five 
others are in great part subscribed. During the 
approaching summer (1870) the wooden railway- 
between Quebec and G-osford, a distance of twenty- 
five miles, will be open for traffic. The total cost 
of building this road, including outlay for steam 
engines, cars, etc., reached the sum of $125,000 or 
$5,000 per mile. In general the mean cost of our 
ordinary railways amounts to $30,000 per mile. 

By a law passed during the last session of Par- 
liament, an interest of three per cent a year is 
guaranteed by the Province on the sum expended 
for every mile of wooden railway built. "With 
regard to this subsidy of three per cent., the cost 
per mile is limited to five thousand dollars, ex- 
clusive of outlay for .bridges exceeding 150 feet 
and upwards, for which an additional subsidy 
of three per cent on the cost of building them is 
allowed. To have a right to this subsidy, the road 
must be approved by the G-overnment, and not be 
less than fifteen miles in length. The subsidy is 
guaranteed for twenty years. Subject to certain 
specified formalities and conditions, this subsidy 
may be capitalized at 6 per cent, and converted 
into negotiable bonds. 

The results obtained in so short a time, owing to 
the above liberal legislation, give us reason to 
hope that before long wooden railways will be 
built in all directions where the want of proximity 
to markets is felt. When the population shall have 
become more dense, and trade more considerably 
iron railways will then doubtless supplant those 
at present built of wood. 



XVI 

CROWN t ANDS." 

The Crown Lands are under the control of a 
member of the Local Government, who is named 
the Commissioner of Crown Lands, the chief seat 
of whose department is in the city of Quebec, the 
capital of the Province. Wherever wild lands exist, 
the Commissioner is represented by delegates 
who are called Crown Land Agents. There are 
now IS Crown Lands agents in the Province. 
In the Appendix will be found a list setting forth 
the names of the Agents, their residence, and the 
number of acres surveyed which they are em- 
powered to dispose of. These agents enjoy very 
extensive powers ; they may sell the standing 
timber of our forests, and all lands fit for settle- 
ment, the whole, however, subject to the rati- 
fication of the Commissioner. They are also em- 
powered to collect the sums of money due the 
Grovernement on public lands, and to see to the ful- 
filment of the conditions upon which lands have 
been granted. 

The Province of Quebec comprises a territory 
of 210,000 miles in round numbers, or 129 millions 
of acres, 10,678,931 acres of which have been con- 
ceded in fiefs and seignoiries, 8,950,953 acres of 
which are held in the townships in free and com- 
mon soccage, and 6,400,359 acres of which are di- 
vided into farm lots, which the Government is 
prepared to dispose of; there remains 102,969,757 
acres of land still to be surveyed. 



— 63 — 

The Crowii dues collected on timber cut for 
market, and the sums received for the sale of 
land adapted for settlement, bring in to the Trea- 
sury of the Province an annual revenue of about 
$400,000, which sum yearly increases. 

We shall now say a word about the woods and 
forests, or the unsurveyed domain, as well as upon 
our mines, the greater part of which are as yet in 
the possession of the Government, after which we 
shall advert to the lands fit for settlement. 



XYII 



WOODS AND FORESTS. 

In the 102,969,757 acres of unsurveyed land, 
important tracts are comprised, which when open- 
ed by roads, will give to agricultural interests 
an extent of territory exceeding that at present 
cleared, and not less rich in the yield or variety of 
products. 

It is these vast forests that feed the most impor- 
tant branch of our trade, and in them is prepa- 
red the timber which is shipped from our ports 
to European markets. 

The forests reserved for the cutting of timber 
are divided into lots of several miles each, which 
are called timber limits ; these limits at fixed 
periods are put up to auction. Over and above 
the price for which they are sold, which gene- 
rally averages $11 per square mile, the purchaser 
is bound to pay a ground rent of f 2 per square 
mile. 

The magnificent network of rivers that inter- 
sect the Province even to its farthest extremeties, 
permit of the timber industry pushing farther 
into the interior, while colonization avails itself 
of the sections already cleared. In this way is the 
path prepared fo*r agriculture — by furnishing the 
settler with lucrative employment and an advanta- 
geous market for his products. It is estimated 
that between twenty-five and thirty thousand 
men are employed every winter as shanty-men or 



— 65 — 

wood-cutters, and about four thousand horses are 
also employed in hauling the logs and square 
timber to the verge of the rivers. In the spring, 
when the ice breaks up, the waters swollen by 
the thaws carry off as if by enchantment to their 
destination these rich spoils of the forest. A large 
portion of the timber is sawn into deals and 
boards of various dimensions, which are shipped 
to the American and Australian markets; the 
rest is shipped as square timber (the condition in 
which it is taken out of the bush) to the markets of 
Europe, 

The principal rivers upon which lumbering is 
carried on are the Ottawa, the St. Maurice, the 
Saguenay and their tributaries. Important opera- 
tions of this nature are also carried on upon the 
rivers south of the St. Lawrence. On an average, 
the value of the timber exported from the Pro- 
vince reaches the sum of $10,000,000. 



XVIII. 

MINES. 

The richest and most varied ores are found in 
abundance in the Province of Quebec. First in 
order we shall place the gold, copper and iron 
mines. • 

Gold is found principally in the district of 
Beauce, and several wealthy capitalists have form- 
ed large companies to work the rich veins of this 
section. They have only commenced operations, 
and if we are to believe those versed in such mat- 
ters, these mines will ultimately become of great 
importance, 

Copper is found in immense quantities in the 
Eastern Townships. Iron is found nearly every- 
where, and certain of the ores of this precious 
or rather useful metal are of incomparable value. 

Our crude iron is of such a superior quality, 
that it is bought by Americans, and notwithstand- 
ing their high protective duties, imported by them 
into the United States. 

Some four or five years ago there were disco- 
vered on the north of the river St. Lawrence, in- 
exhaustible deposits in the form of black sand, oi 
magnetic oxide. This is a most valuable mineral 
containing no foreign substances ; as it can be 
smelted by means of charcoal, the price of which, 
with us, is low, we manufacture from the ore a 
superior quality of iron, equal in every respect to 
the best Swedish. 

Among other ores discovered more or less in 
abundance up to the present in the Province of 
Quebec, we shall content ourselves with mention- 
ing lead, silver, platinum, zinc 5 , etc., etc., etc 



— 71 — 

commences, properly speaking, at Ha ! Ha ! Bay. 
From this point it extends in a north-westerly 
direction for a distance of about one hundred 
miles, the average width from either shore of the 
river being between twenty and twenty-five miles. 
At a distance of sixty miles from Ha ! Ha ! Bay 
lies Lake St. John, whose waters flow into the 
Saguenay. This lake, which in form is nearly 
circular, is about 100 miles in circumference 
and is the reservoir as it were for this whole 
territory ; ten great rivers flowing from all direc- 
tions empty their waters into it, and each 
spring upon its surface, floats all the timber cut 
in the vicinity during the winter season. This 
mass of timber finds egress at the extreme north- 
east of the lake, in two enormous outlets, whose 
waters unite at some little distance to form the 
River Saguenay. 

Around Lake St. John, the valley, in every direc- 
tion, becomes considerably enlarged ; and before 
long the settlements on either shore of the Sague- 
nay shall have so extended their limits, as to 
meet at the north-west extremity of the lake. 

The greater part of this territory, if not the whole 
of it, consists of an argilaceous soil, mingled with a 
small quantity of sand, which renders it friable and 
easy to work and drain. Up to the present there 
have been cultivated here wheat, barley and Indian 
corn ; and root crops with an astonishing and 
abiding success. The soil is adapted to the growth 
of the greatest variety of grain, but wheat is 
grown in preference to all others, because it is 
more remunerative, and hitherto no obstacle to 
its cultivation has presented itself. 

The climate throughout this district is similar 
to that of Quebec, with the exception, however, 



— 72 — 

of the plateau of Lake St. John, where the tempe- 
rature is more like that enjoyed at Montreal, 
which is owing to the mountains sheltering the 
lake to the east and north. 

As we have remarked elsewhere, the actual po- 
pulation of the Saguenay, which has been entirely 
recruited from the Province, and from among the 
French-Canadians, already is estimated at about 
20,000 souls, although the oldest agricultural set- 
tlement here dates no further back than twenty 
years. The Saguenay is capable of containing a 
population twenty times as great ; and owing to 
the roads opened by the G-overnment, the settlers 
have scattered over the district so that there is 
ample room between the actual settlements. 

The south-west portion of the Saguenay is 
traversed by a road of thirty leagues in length, 
which, beginning at Ha ! Ha ! Bay, continues up 
to the head of Lake St. John. Another is being 
built on the north shore which as it winds round 
the lake will join the one previously mention- 
ed. Besides these roads, there exists for means 
of communication during the summer the line of 
steamers that ply between Qhicoutimi and Quebec, 
and in a year hence a road forty leagues long, 
running in direct line through the forest, will 
open a way that, at all seasons of the year, will 
place in direct communication with the city of 
Quebec, the valley of Lake St. John ; over half 
this distance the road is already open. The road 
actually in existence, stretching along the St. Law- 
rence down to St. Paul's Bay, necessitates a very 
considerable deviation. 

The extent of land surveyed and disposable in the 
Saguenay district is about 616,G00 acres, the price 
of which is about 20 cents per acre. 



XXI. 

VALLEY OF THE ST. MAURICE. 

The valley watered by the St. Maurice and its 
tributaries covers an extent of 24.140 square miles. 
The lower part of this region, which embraces 
the City of Three Eivers, and the celebrated St. 
Maurice forges, comprised at the date of the last 
census (1881) a population of 73,247, which in 
great part had settled in the seigniories that border 
the St.Lawrence. Many of the townships situated in 
the interior have been for some years past opened 
to settlers, thanks to the roads which the G-overn- 
ment caused to be built, and at intervening dis- 
tances along which splendid parishes have arisen. 
This region is in general montainous and ill 
adapted to farming purposes upon the highlands, 
but the many rivers by which it is intersected 
irrigate valleys of great fertility. Here also the 
timber trade, and the working of the inexhaus- 
tible iron mines that lie near the St. Maurice 
furnish the poorer settlers the means of earning 
a livelihood during the first years of their settling 
on the land. 

The navigation of the St. Maurice is interrupted 
by tolerably great* waterfalls, for a space of forty 
miles from its mouth ; from that distance, however, 
to a point seventy miles running towards the 
north, the river is navigable for the largest craft. 
For a number of years past it has been in contem- 
plation to build a railroad, to connect the City of 
Three Eivers with the navigable portions of the 



St. Maurice, a project the execution of which 
cannot long be delayed. 

There are at present in the Townships of the St. 
Maurice, surveyed and divided into farm lots easy 
of access, 441,200 acres of land for sale at thirty 
cents per acre. 

The River Mantawa, a tributary of the Upper 
St. Maurice, that has it source in the same plateau 
as the head waters of the Ottawa, drains a tract 
of about twenty-five leagues, which forms an ex- 
tensive zone of fertile land, beyond the Lauren- 
tides. Recent explorations made in that valley 
established, beyond all peradventure, the impor- 
tance of this new field for colonization. Therein 
before long will seek out homes, the surplus popu- 
lation of the neighbouring counties, of Montreal 
to the north, and Terrebonne, l'Assomption, Mont- 
calm, Joliette and Berthier. 

Two great parallel roads ; the first starting from 
the Town of Joliette, and the second from Terre- 
bonne, at a distance of twelve leagues apart, 
have been already opened as far as Mantawa, 
and on the east side, two parishes are actually 
being settled. To the west a wooden railroad, the 
construction of which has been undertaken- by the 
City of Montreal and the surrounding counties, 
will link, perhaps within two years, the extreme 
north of the settlements of Terrebonne, with the 
commercial metropolis of the Dominion, as well as 
with Ottawa, the Federal Capital. The surveying 
of the Mantawa territory has as yet made little 
progress, but will be energetically proceeded with 
during the coming season. 



XXII. 



VALLEY OF THE OTTAWA. 

The River Ottawa, which falls into the St. Law-. 
rence, at the western extremity of the Island of 
Montreal, divides the Provinces of Quebec and 
Ontario. As it flows, from the northwest to the 
south-east, it forms with the St. Lawrence an 
angle of nearly 45 degrees. Its length is about 
600 miles. On its course it is fed by many tri- 
butaries, the largest of which, the G-atineau, is 
about 300 miles in length, and separates the val- 
ley towards its centre, in a line nearly perpen- 
dicular, running from north to south. It is esti- 
mated that over 80,000 square miles of territory 
is drained by the Ottawa and its tributaries. 
That portion of it situated at the apex of the im- 
mense triangle formed by the valley of the Ottawa, 
and inhabited by a wealthy and numerous popu- 
lation, comprises the counties surrounding Mon- 
treal to the north and to the west. 

But when we allude to colonization in the valley 
of the Ottawa, we have in view principally the 
counties of Ottawa and Pontiac, which cons- 
titute the north shore of that river, and stretch 
backwards from its margin to the northern li- 
mits of the Province. The population of these 
counties, in 1861, numbered a little over 41,000 
souls ; to-day it is estimated at nearly sixty thou- 
sand, one-half of which are of French, and the 
other half of British origin. Within late years, 



— 76 — 

there has been formed in this district a settlement 
of Germans, who to-day enjoy prosperity. 

As this section of the Province belongs to the 
Laurentian chain, its surface is, in great part, 
rocky and mountainous, but covered with timber 
of great value. 

Notwithstanding, the soil in the valleys and on 
the sloping hills is very fertile, and opens a vast 
extent lit for settlement. The works of the lumber 
merchants materially assist the settling of the land 
in this district, by opening roads and provid- 
ing a market and good prices for the products of 
•the farmers, as also in furnishing the settler with 
work for himself and his horses during a season 
in which his labor in this direction in no way 
interferes with his agricultural pursuits. This dis- 
trict is well watered, and is remarkable for the 
number and force of the water powers afforded 
by the rivers, the streams and lakes whose waters 
run through it. 

The first settlers of the Ottawa were lumber 
merchants. To meet the requirements of their 
establishments (chantiers), the greater part of them 
had to make', at intervening distances in the 
heart of the forest, important clearings, which 
they abandoned, after denuding the surround- 
ings of all the standing timber suitable for the 
market. These large farms were the nuclei 
around which gathered the settlers who inhabit 
the district to-day. Removed from each other 
at first, these clearings served as landmarks, or 
central points, about which later on grouped the 
settlements which now fill up the spaces. 

The number of acres surveyed and divided into 
farm lots, actually to be disposed of, is 1,358,500, 
the price of which is thirty cents per acre. 



XXIII. 



EASTERN TOWNSHIPS. 

Few sections of Canada, perhaps, offer greater 
inducements to the emigrant than the Eastern 
Townships, the chief Town of which, Sherbrooke, 
is situate from Quebec, the Capital of the 
Province, a distance of 120 miles, and may be 
reached in five hours by railway. 

The proximity of the townships to the Ameri- 
can markets, and the great facilities for shipment 
to these and the markets of the Dominion afforded 
by the G-rand Trunk Railway, make the position 
of the agriculturists in this locality quite enviable, 
as the products of their industry are sure of a 
certain and ready market. 

In the townships, which are situate to the 
south of the City of Quebec, the winter is not so 
severe as it is with us, and their spring is much 
earlier and their fall much later than. ours, advan- 
tages of very great importance to the farmer. 

The general features of the country being hilly 
coupled with the abundance of water in the lakes, 
rivers and springs, afford not only sufficient mois- 
ture for the crops, but considerable water power 
for manufacturing purposes. 

Hardwood is here to be met with everywhere, 
and after clearing, a fertile soil is found, in general 
friable enough, but in all cases well adapted for 
the cultivation of cereals and green crops. One of 
the chief causes of the rapid success which crowns 



— 78 — 

the settler in the Eastern Townships, is that 
from these highlands, during the first year, he 
may reap a crop ; frequently even, the ashes of the 
trees burnt to effect a clearing, help to a great 
extent to defray the expenses attendant upon 
doing so. 

The rich mineral deposits of the townships have 
within these few years attracted thither a consi- 
derable population. 

As a grazing country the townships are unsur- 
passed, and great attention is now paid to the 
breeding of cattle and the growing of wool. This 
branch of agriculture, is very much encour- 
aged, owing to the profitable markets of the 
United States, which are almost at the doors of 
the farmers. Within the last few years the best 
breeds of sheep have been successfully introduced 
from England ; and not unfrequently at the agri- 
cultural exhibitions, in the United States, these 
and the horned cattle from this thriving district 
have carried off first prizes. 

Possessing the advantages of a double market, 
in consequence of their proximity to the frontier, 
many of the farmers in the townships cultivate on 
a large scale. In some cases the farms comprise 
from 100 to 600 acres. This extensive mode of 
farming creates a demand for agricultural labor, 
and gives employment to large numbers of la- 
borers, at good wages. 

In this district the Grovernment owns 920,300 
acres of wild land, which it is prepared to sell at 
very moderate rates. The British American Land 
Company also hold valuable lots, and private pro- 
prietors are possessed of lands here which they 
oiler for sale on easy terms. 

The Grovernment lands sell at from 50 to 60 cts. 



— 79 — 

p?r acre. In the case of lands held by private 
proprietors the prices are influenced much by lo- 
cality, by the contiguity of towns or villages, by 
roads and accessibility to leading markets ; but on 
an average the price per acre may be set down 
at$l. 

. The settler from England, Ireland and Scotland 
will find these nationalities numerously repre- 
sented in the Eastern Townships. Nowhere in 
the Province will he be more at home than in the 
south-west part of this region. A portion of the 
inhabitants of the Eastern Townships are the des- 
cendants of the United Empire Loyalists, who came 
from the United States to Canada when the for- 
mer separated from G-reat Britain and declared 
their independence. Since 1848, the French Ca- 
nadians, in large numbers, have thronged to this 
district, and already rival in wealth their fore- 
runners in this locality. 

Here, as elsewhere throughout the Province, the 
farmer with slender means may purchase a farm 
partially cleared, and the agricultural laborer is cer- 
tain immediately to find work ; so also is the miner 
and the artisan. To capitalists also it offers favor- 
able investments as the agricultural, commercial and 
manufacturing industry of the townships, with the 
influx of a little more capital, would defy compe- 
tition. 



XXIY. 

LOWER ST. LAWRENCE. 
South Shore. 

Descending the St. Lawrence, from Quebec to 
the eastern extremity of Rimouski, one is struck 
with the ease and comfort of the population 
settled along the margin of the river. Unhap- 
pily, this fertile valley is bounded along its whole 
extent, at a distance of four or five leagues from 
the river, by an uninterrupted chain of heights 
unfit for cultivation. Beheind these, away as far as 
the boundary line, there is unfoulded before the 
eye a valley parallel with that of the St. Lawrence; 
it is there that is to be found that important tract of 
land fit for settlement, w r hich forms the subject of 
this article. In length it is over 200 miles ; and 
its breadth varies from 15 to 40 miles, according 
to the angularities of the mountains and of the 
boundary line. 

To facilitate access to this territory and give di- 
rection to its settling, a road has been traced out 
209 miles long, that crosses it towards the centre, 
over its whole length, half of which is now open. 
At distances, of ten or twelve miles apart, a trans- 
versal road, starting from the last settlements in 
the valley of the St. Lawrence, crosses the moun- 
tain, and joins the Tache lvoad, which is the name 
given to the great central colonization road alluded 
to above. There are besides two great military 
roads, the Matapediac and the Temiscouata; the 
Matapediac, 110 miles in length; joins the St. 



— 81 — 

Lawrence and the Baie ties Chaleurs, — the Temis- 
couata, 70 miles in length, extends from Eiver 
du Loup to New Brunswick. 

The terminal sections of the Tache Eoad are 
considered better than the central portion of it ; 
but the prevailing timber everywhere in this re- 
gion is hard- wood, and this in general indicates a 
good soil. This road is one of those upon wdiich 
the Government offers free grants. It is only neces- 
sary to settle inhabitants along the whole extent 
on either side of it, when colonization will then 
go On of itself in the valley. 

This part of the Province is perhaps the most 
favored in means of communication. Upon land- 
ing on the shores of the St. Lawrence, the settler 
.may go whither he lists, and has his choice of the 
railway or steamboat. The eastern terminus of 
the Grant Trunk is situate at Eiver du Loup, 
forty leagues below Quebec. And now the Inter- 
colonial Eailway is being built, which starting 
from Eiver du Loup will extend to Halifax, and 
afford still greater facilities. 

Five extensive townships have just been sur- 
veyed in the Matapediac Valley, along the line of 
the Intercolonial Eailroad. The report of the Sur- 
veyors who fixed the limits of these new town- 
ships, show r s that the greater part of this territory 
offers a soil well adapted for cultivation ; and 
everything tends to confirm the belief that within 
a short time they will be invaded by settlers. 

The number of acres divided into farm lots, and' 
actually for sale on the south shore of the Lower 
St. Lawrence, is 1,423,2.00, the price per acre being 
thirty cents. 



4* 



XXV. 

GASPE. 

The peninsula forming the south-eastern extre- 
mity of the Province known under the name of 
(xaspe, comprises the whole of the territory si- 
tuate to the east of the Matapediac road, and con- 
sists of 8,613 miles in superficies. The Grulf of. 
St. Lawrence and the Baie des Chaleurs, whose 
waters w T ash its 400 miles of coast, make it one of 
the most advantageous fishing grounds in the Do- 
minion of C a if ad a. 

Although rocky, the G-aspG region comprises 
a great quantity of very fertile land. Those who 
have settled there and given proper attention to 
agriculture, have succeeded beyond their expecta- 
tion. The sea-weed, washed upon the shore by 
the action of the tide, at every point, furnishes 
the farmer with a very valuable manure ; and 
besides this, fish for similar purposes may easily 
be obtained by him. 

A prominent resident of Perce, Mr. George Le 
Bouthillier, upon being interrogated by a Com- 
mittee of the Legislative Assembly of Quebec, in 
1868, spoke in the following terms of the future 
which lies open to all who seek in this region a 
home : 

" It is unquestionable," says Mr. LeBouthillier, 
of Perce, in his answers, " that a man, on this 
" coast, with a well-cultivated farm, of only 
11 twenty acres, can live better than anywhere 
" else on the continent. To make money as a 



— 83-- 

M fisherman, it is above all essential to have a farm 
11 capable of supplying all one's necessary food 
" and a part of one's clothing. Under these cir- 
" cumstances the fisheries aid the farm. They 
"contribute to it also a large portion of the 
"manure required. On the days or hours when 
" the employees of the trader are not required at 
" sea or on the beach, they can always find occu- 
pation upon the farm, and by means of the 
" fisheries greatly improve it. The conclusion to 
" be drawn is, that the fisheries and the farm assist 
" one another, but that previous to engaging in 
" the former, a man should be settled on a well- 
"cultivated farm, with suitable buildings, and 
"that to promote the fisheries, agriculture must 
" first be promoted. Agriculture is the foundation 
"of the fishing trade, as elsewhere it is the 
"foundation of manufactures and commerce." 

The County of Boiiaventure, which forms the 
southern portion of the peninsula of G-aspe, al- 
though engaged actively in the fishing carried 
on, has made greater progress in agriculture than 
Gaspe proper. The land bordering the Baie des 
Chaleurs is all under cultivation, and at certain 
points clearings have been made which extend for 
miles into the interior. There is room here for 
thousands and thousands of settlers, and as a ge- 
neral rule the land in this district is very fertile. 
The works connected with the building of the 
Intercolonial Railway, which will run through 
the County of Bonaventure, have already attracted 
thither a .great number of persons, and before 
long, real estate hereabouts will have doubled 
its value. The G-overnment offers for sale 491,100 
acres of land in G-aspe, at the rates of twenty and 
thirty cents per acre. 



XXYI. 

IMMIGRATION. 

Recital of the Policy of tlte Government. 

By virtue of the Constitution, the Federal and 
Local Governments have concurrent powers over 
all matters relating to immigration. The Provinces 
being invested with the absolute ownership of 
the wild lands comprised within their respective 
limits, it is necessary that there should be identity 
of sentiment and uniformity of action between 
them and the Federal authorities. In the autumn 
of 1868, a convention composed of delegates from 
each Province, and the Premier of the Federal 
Government, met at Ottawa, and assigned to each 
Government its share in a work in which their 
interests were common. 

' The duty devolves upon the Federal Govern- 
ment of establishing agencies in Europe, and of 
defraying the expenses connected with the 
quarantine, etc. 

As to the Local Governments, it was agreed 
that they should utilize the Federal European 
agencies, but might if they thought proper send 
special agents to Europe on their own behalf. 

Appended to the report containing the deli- 
berations of the convention, are inserted important 
letters addressed by the Secretaries of the different 
Provinces to the President of the Committee on 
Immigration. We could not give a more definite 



— 85 — 

idea ©f the policy of the Government of Quebec 
in relation to this matter, than by reproducing 
here the letter written by the Honorable Mr. 
Chauveau : 

To Geo. Jackson, Esquiee, M. P., 

Chairman, Committee on Immigration and Colonization. 

Sir, 

The undersigned has much pleasure in com- 
plying with the request made to him for a state- 
ment of the measures adopted by the Quebec Go- 
vernment, in behalf of the settlement of the public 
lands and of immigration. 

These two subjects have received the constant 
attention of the Government and Legislature of 
the Province, and the greater part of the revenue 
derived from the public domain has been appro- 
priated, under diverse forms, to these two objects, 
which it is impossible to separate, since whatever 
tends to facilitate the settlement of the inhabitants 
of the Province on the public lands is equally fa- 
vorable to immigration. 

The Legislature- of the Province of Quebec has 
passed several laws, with a view to facilitate the 
settlement of the Crown Lands, and in all this 
legislation, immigrants have been placed upon the 
same footing as the natives of the country. 

One of these laws, passed in the first Session of 
Parliament, has for its object the construction of 
colonization roads, which are divided into three 
classes ; those of the first class are considered to 
be of public and provincial utility, and are con- 
structed entirely at the expense of the Government; 
those of the second class are made in part at the 
expense of Government and in r^art at the expense 



— 86 — 

of the municipalities, the latter furnishing less 
than the Government ; those of the third class are 
constructed upon the same system, but the muni- 
cipalities must furnish a sum at least equal to the 
G-overnment grant. 

There was expended during the first eighteen 
months on colonization roads, a sum of nearly 
sixty-seven thousand dollars, and there were voted 
for the ensuing eighteen months $187,000 for first- 
class roads, $45,000 for those of the second class, 
and $30,000 for those of the third class. 

In the same Session was passed another Act to 
encourage colonization, wdiich exempts all public 
lands, conceded to a bond fide settler, from seizure 
for debts contracted previous to the grant or con- 
cession ; and which during the ten years follow- 
ing ,the issue of patents, and during the whole 
period, not to exceed five years from the time 
of the occupation of the lot to the issue of patents, 
exempts from seizure certain of his chattels. (See 
list of exemptions, Cap. XIY, pp. 57 and 58). 

Last Session the Legislature passed an Act res- 
pecting the sale of public lands, providing for the 
establishment of agencies and their concentration 
for the sale of lands, the cutting of timber, "coloni- 
zation and immigration, and affording better re- 
muneration to persons charged therewith, and 
bringing about simultaneous action for these im- 
portant objects, necessarily connected together. 

Any organization for the assistance to be afforded 
to immigrants, at their place of destination, can 
only be completed on the appointment of the new 
agents under this Act. 

The agencies of the Federal Government at 
Quebec and Montreal having been continued, the 
Provincial Government does not intend, for the 



— 87 — 

present at least, to appoint agents of its own at 
these points. 

As a large number of immigrants are taking the 
direction of the Ottawa, and a certain proportion 
of them settle on the . lands of the Province of 
Quebec, the Local Government has opened a credit 
in favor of the Federal Agent at Ottawa, to assist in 
forwarding to the lands of the Province of Quebec 
such immigrants as desire to locate thereon. 

The price of land in the Province of Quebec 
varies from 30 to 60 cents per acre ; — in the eastern 
portion of the Province it is generally 30 cents. 
Free grants are given on the Tache and Matape- 
diac and other great colonization roads. Detailed 
information as to the quantity of disposable land 
in the various parts of the Province, and the prices 
thereof, are to be found in a table prepared by 
the Crown Lands Commissioner and attached to 
the report of last Session of the House of Com- 
mons Committee on Immigration and Coloniza- 
tion. The report of the Crown Lands Commis- 
sioner just published also contains similar infor- 
mation. 

Last Session the Legislature passed an Act for 
the encouragement of Colonization Railways, 
granting, on certain conditions, an annual subsidy 
to seven different companies, incorporated for that 
purpose ; and also an Act * for the encouragement 
and formation of Colonization Societies. 

These Societies may also act as Immigration So- 
cieties. Their objects are defined as follows : 

1. To aid in promoting the establishment of 
settlers on Crown Lands ; to attract emigrants from 
other countries, and to restore to this Province such 
of its inhabitants as have emigrated ; 

2. To open, with the permission of the Govern- 



— 88 — 

ment, and to aid the Government and Munici- 
palities in opening roads through wild lands of 
the Crown, or leading thereto ; 

3. To direct settlers or emigrants towards the 
localities which the Commissioner of Crown Lands 
shall, as hereinafter provided, have assigned to 
and reserved, for them ; 

4. To provide settlers with seed grain, provisions, 
and implements suitable for the clearing and cul- 
tivation of land ; 

5. To aid the Department of Agriculture and the 
Department of Crown Lands in the diffusion of 
knowledge and information calculated to extend 
colonization ; 

6. To promote Colonization and assist settlers, 
by all means and proceedings which they shall 
deem desirable to adopt, in conformity with regu- 
lations to be provided by the Lieutenant-Governor 
in Council. 

The G-overnment gives assistance to the So- 
cieties, by according to them a grant equal to 
their subscriptions up to three hundred dollars, 
and equal to one half the subscriptions over that 
amount, up to a further sum of three hundred 
dollars. As many as three Societies may be formed, 
in each electoral division, but the total amount to 
be expended by the G-overnment for these Soci- 
ties in each county shall not exceed six hundred 
dollars. 

These Societies have, moreover, the right to 
acquire property, by bequest or otherwise, and to 
receive contributions from municipalities and cor- 
porations ; they are themselves incorporated for 
this purpose. 

The Department of Agriculture and Coloniza- 
tion watches over the organization and working 



— 89 — 

of these Societies ; and there is every reason to 
hope that a certain number of them will take an 
active part in promoting immigration. 

Over and above the grants to these Societies, 
townships, or parts of townships, will be reserved 
for the establishment of settlers, whom they may 
send thither ; and such settlers will have the pre- 
ference over all others, whether immigrants or 
natives of the country, upon the ordinary conditions 
of the sale and concession of Crown Lands, and to 
each Society a free grant will be made of one lot 
for every ten lots upon which its settlers shall 
have established themselves. 

Other Societies for Colonization and Immigration, 
besides the three allowed for each electoral divi- 
sion, may be formed, and they shall be invested 
with all the powers of the other Societies; but 
shall receive no grant from the Grovernment. 

To promote Colonization and Immigration, the 
Department of Agriculture and Colonization is at 
present having prepared two pamphlets, one of 
which, called " The Settler's G-uide, " is intended 
for native settlers, and will be distributed in all 
parts of the Province ; the other will be distributed 
in foreign countries. Each will be accompanied 
with maps. 

The Grovernment has under consideration the 
establishment of agencies in Grreat Britain and 
Ireland and on the continent of Europe, but has 
not as yet decided whether it will or will not 
avail itself of the services of the agents already 
appointed by the Federal Grovernment. 

The Grovernment has obtained from the Legis- 
lature a vote of twelve thousand dollars, for pur- 
poses connected with Immigration, for the eigh- 



— 90 — 

teen months covered by the budget of last Session. 

In addition to the usual appropriations for the 
exploration of Crown Lands and for surveys, the 
Legislature at its last Session voted a sum of forty- 
live thousand dollars for explorations, having 
for their object the ascertaining and causing to be 
perfectly known all the resources of the uncul- 
tivated territory of the Province. 

The Department of Crown Lands is now En- 
gaged on a topographical and geological survey 
of the vast territory which extends beyond the 
Laurentian chain, to the north of the St. Law- 
rence, and which is drained by the Ottawa, the 
St. Maurice and the Saguenay. 

Last year, this Department caused several town- 
ships on the proposed line of the Intercolonial 
Railway to be surveyed, in order to promote colo- 
nization in those parts. 

Lastly, by virtue of a law passed in the iirst 
Session of the Legislature, a topographical map, 
indicating the new settlements and the Coloniza- 
tion Roads, is being prepared and will soon be com- 
pleted. 

Such are, in brief, the measures relating to Co- 
lonization and to Immigration which have been 
adopted by the Government of the "Province of 
Quebec, to which will be added those which may 
be suggested and considered at the sittings of the 
Interprovincial Commission, which represents the 
Federal and Local Governments, and which was 
appointed at the instance of the undersigned, on 
behalf of the Government of Quebec. 

(Signed,) P. J. 0. Chauveatj, 

Secretary of the Province of Quebec. 

Ottawa, 11th June, 1869. 



XXVII. 
MEANS OF COMMUNICATION. 



Under this heading, the first place must be 
assigned to the Montreal Ocean Steamship Company 
(incorporated}, the principal shareholders being 
the Messrs. Allan, of Montreal, from which cir- 
cumstance the line is frequently called the " Allans 
Line " ; it is also called the " Canadian Line. 5 ' The 
Government of Canada have largely subsidized 
this line for the weekly carrying of the mails. 

The undermentioned full-powered, double-en- 
gined, Clyde built Iron Steamships, compose this 
Company's line : 

Assyrian 3.500 tons, Building. 

Caspian 3,000 " 

Scandinavian 3.000 " Capt. Ba! Ian tine. 

Prussian 3.000 il ki Button. 

Austrian 2.700 " " Wylie. 

Nestorian 2.700 " " Aird. 

Moravian 2,650 " " Brown. 

Peruvian 2.600 " " Smith. 

Hibernian 2,434 " " Watts. 

Nova Szolian 2 300 " " Richardson. 

North American.. 1,784 4! " Grange. 

Germany 3,250 " Graham. 

European 2.650 " " Bouohette. 

Ottawa ],831 " " Archer. 

Damascus 1.600 " " Trocks. 

St.David 1J655 " : ' Scott. 

St. Andrew 1,432 " " Ritchie. 

St. Patrick 1,207 " " Wylie. 

Norway, 1,350 " " Mylins- 

Sweden 1,320 lt *' McKenzie. 

These steamships form a Weekly Line, sailing 
from Liverpool every Thursday, calling at Lon- 
donderry, (Ireland), to receive latest London 



— 92 — 

mails and passengers, leaving that port about 
6 P. M. every Friday. 

From the middle of April to the first 'week in 
November, the steamers sail direct to Quebec and 
Montreal ; during the remainder of the year they 
run to Portland, Maine, (United States), connect- 
ing both at Quebec and Portland with the Grand 
Trunk Railway of Canada, forming thus a direct 
line of communication from Europe to all parts 
of the Dominion of Canada and the United States. 

The average passage from Liverpool to Quebec, 
in 1869, was 9} days — from Quebec to Liverpool, 
9} days ; and during the "Winter season, from 
Liverpool to Portland, 11} days, and Portland to 
Liverpool, 10} days. 

Rates of passage : In Cabin, .£15.15.00 sterling, 
and £18.18.00 sterling. Steerage, including a 
plentiful supply of cooked provisions, prepared 
and served up by the Company's stewards, as 
low as by any of the lines of steamships sailing 
Irom Liverpool to New York. 

Extra steamships belonging to the Company 
are dispatched weekly from Liverpool to Quebec 
and Montreal, carrying passengers and mer- 
chandise, when sufficient inducements offer. 

A steamship of the Montreal Ocean Steamship 
Company, " Glasgow Line," leaves 'Glasgow, 
(Scotland), every Tuesday, calling at a port or 
ports in Ireland, for Quebec and Montreal, also 
carrying passengers and merchandise Rates of 
passage, by this line: Cabin, £15.15.00; Inter- 
mediate, £9 ; Steerage, including a bountiful 
supply of cooked provisions, prepared and .served 
up by the Company's stewards, as low as by any 
of the lines of steamships sailing to New York. 

A subsidary line is formed by the steamships 



— 93 — 

Norway and Siveclen, sailing at regular intervals 
between Liverpool and Drontheim, (Norway.) 
Passengers taking these steamers can go direct 
from Drontheim to Quebec during summer, with 
only one transhipment. 

Passengers by any of the Company's lines can be 
booked through from Europe to any railway 
station in Canada, and to all the principal points 
in the United States, and baggage is transferred 
from the steamship at Quebec or Portland to the 
railway, free of charge. 

There are interpreters aboard each steamship 
and railway train carrying emigrants. 

The agents of the Company are as follows, viz : 

Montreal and Portland Messrs. Hugh & Andrew Allan. 

Quebec " Allans, Eae & Co. 

Liverpool " Allans Brothers & Co. 

Glasgow u James & Alexander Allan. 

Havre Mr. John M. Currie, 

21, Quai d'Orleans. 

Paris Mr. Gustave Bossange, 

21, Quai Voltaire. 

Hamburg Messrs. W. Gibson & Hugo. 

London " Montgomery & Greenhorne, 

17, Gracechurch St. 

The port of Quebec is only 2,649 geographical 
miles from Liverpool, by the Straits of Belle-Isle, 
and 2,808 miles by Cape Race ; whilst Boston is 
2,895 miles, and New York, 3,095. From the 
instant the waters of the St. Lawrence are 
breasted, the dangers of navigation cease to be as 
great as they are on the open sea, and of this 
navigation there is 826 miles, viz : from Belle-Isle 
to Quebec. The great advantages of the St. Law- 
rence, or River Route, over the rival routes of the 
United States, are shorter distance and greater 
security, two facts which must always have great 



— 94 — 

weight in deciding emigrants to favor Canadian 
steamers. Of this, one may become readily con- 
vinced, upon reflecting that once arrived at Que- 
bec, the emigrant linds himself in the heart or 
centre of the Continent, in a temperate and salu- 
brious climate, and thence by steamboat may direct 
his steps to whatever point of Canada he likes, or 
the far West, thus shortening his distance, avoid- 
ing hundreds of miles of railway travelling, which, 
did he land at any of the ports in the United States, 
he would have to undertake to reach his destination. 

Within a few years, fortnightly steamers, be- 
longing to the London, Quebec and Montreal 
Company, ply regularly during the summer 
season between London, Quebec and Montreal. 
These steamers ,are the Medio ay, the Tweed, the 
Avon and Niger. From the 30th June, 1888, to 
the 89th June, 1869, 1,384 inward bound vessels, 
including steamers, were entered at the various 
ports of the Province. 

The St. Lawrence River is navigable for an 
extent of 2,384 miles, from the Straits of Belle-Isle 
to Fond-du-Lac, at the head of Lake Superior. 
Vessels drawing 20 feet may ascend the river up 
to Montreal, which is 986 miles from Belle-Isle. 
From this point the free navigation of the St. 
Lawrence is obstructed at many places by natural 
barriers, which, retaining its waters, give to it 
at intervening points more expansion, and form 
regular lakes. These obstacles have been avoid- 
ed by means of a system of canals, that connect 
for the whole distance the navigable portions of 
the river, and the total length of which is 70 miles 
and twenty-three arpents. The locks number fifty- 
four, and lha grade is 536 J feet. By means of these 
canals, vessels of 400 tons may navigate ih j river 



— 9S — 

between Montreal and the head of Lake Superior, 
a distance exceeding 1,398 miles. These works 
were, for the most part, executed during the 
Union of the Canadas — now Ontario and Quebce 
—at a cost to these two Provinces of $7,569,886. 

The largest of these canals, theWelland, between 
Lakes Ontario and Erie, was built to avoid the 
celebrated Niagara Falls. 

Our system of canals is completed by the Sault 
Ste. Marie Canal, which is 1 T V mile in length, and 
built on the American shore, between Lakes Hu- 
ron and Superior, to avoid the Sault Ste. Marie. 

The Ottawa and Ridean Canals, which afford an 
artificial navigation of 134 miles, would merit a 
detailed statement from us, if our space permitted ; 
we will, however, state that they open an unin- 
terrupted communication of 242 miles between 
Montreal, Ottawa and Kingston. Constructed for 
military purposes, these canals were in great part 
built at the expense of the Imperial Government. 

The locks at St. Ours, and the Chambly Canal, 
on the River Richelieu, render the latter navi- 
gable as far as Lake Champ] am, its well-head, for 
vessels of 230 tons burden ; from Lake Champlain, 
by means of the American canals, we reach the 
Hudson River and New- York, by aline running 
north and south, nearly direct from tae mouth 
of the Richelieu River 

The interior navigation of the Province is ef- 
fected by means of steamboats, that ply in all di- 
rections on the St. Lawrence, and all our navi- 
gable rivers. The principal steamboat companies 
are : the Richelieu Company, who own nearly ail 
the steamboats that carry passengers between 
Quebec and Montreal and intermediate ports; — 
the St. Lawrence Tow Boat Company, who run 



— 96 — 

boats on the Lower St. Lawrence, between Quebec 
and Chicoutimi, up the Saguenay ;— the Gulf 
Ports Company, whose steamers ply between 
Quebec and Pictou, in Nova Scotia, going round 
by the Baie des Chaleurs, and calling at the in- 
termediate ports ; and Sheppard's Line, whose boats 
run up the Ottawa to the city of that name, and 
connect between Montreal, Ottawa and Kingston. 
There is also the Inland Navigation Company, 
whose steamers ply between Montreal and Toronto, 
etc., passing through the Thousand Islands and 
Lake, and communicating directly with Niagara 
Falls. The boats of the latter Company, on their 
downward trip, do not pass through the canal, but 
follow the St. Lawrence, running the rapids a few 
miles above Montreal, which constitutes one of 
the principal features of interest on the whole trip. 

Nothing is more agreeable to the traveller 
during the summer season than a trip on board of 
one of our magnificent steamboats ; and it is upon 
the St. Lawrence and its tributaries that may be 
contemplated with advantage the rich and im- 
posing scenery of Canada — her vast plains and 
sloping mountains, her giant trees and their 
varied leafage. It is on such a trip that her 
beautiful and varied lanscapes, ornamented by an 
unbroken line of neat white dwellings, that seem 
like an endless village, break in upon the gaze in 
all their striking beauty. 

Besides its river communication, the Province 
of Quebec can boast of a complete railway system, 
constructed and worked by particular compa- 
nies. The largest of these companies, the Grand 
Trunk, has 1,376 miles of road in complete work- 
ing order. These railways were all opened be- 
tween the years 1847 and 1860. The main track, or 



— 97 — 

the G-rand Trunk, properly speaking, extends from 
Riviere du Loup, 120 miles east of Quebec, to the 
western extremity, of the Province of Oiiario, 
where it connects with American railways. la the 
Province of Quebec, three of its branches commu- 
nicate with the United States: the Atlantb and 
St. Lawrence Railway, which has Portland for ter- 
minus, and the Ohamplain and the St. Lawrence, 
and the Montreal and New York Railways. 

The Victoria Bridge, which spans the St. 
Lawrence at Montreal, forms part of the G-rand 
Trunk, and serves to bind as a central point the 
various ramifications of this vast network of rail- 
way, which, without it, would have been incom- 
plete. This bridge, which with great reason is 
considered one of the wonders of engineering 
skill in our age, measures 9,184 feet in span ; it 
has 24 arches, measuring- 242 feet each in dia- 
meter, and one in the centre, which measures 330 
feet. The piers and the abutments are oi cut-stone, 
and support, 60 feet above the highest water level, 
an enormous iron tube, at the entrance of which, 
at all hours of the day, may be seen, entering and 
reappearing, the vast numbers of cars which are 
constantly leaving Montreal for, and arriving from, 
the different localities with which her trade ex- 
tends. 

The cost of building the G-rand Trunk, and its 
rolling stock, added to the sums expended to 
purchase the different branch roads which it now 
controls, reaches the figure of $102,802,502. The 
gauge of the G-rand Trunk is five feet six inches. 
The G-overnment of the United Canadas (Quebec 
and Ontario) advanced to further this entreprize 
the sum of $15,000,000. 



— 98 — 

The Intercolonial Eailway, which is now 
being built at the expense of the Canadian Go- 
vernment, will be in operation in July, 1872, and 
will complete a regular system of communica- 
tion between the Provinces forming th Cana- 
dian Confederacy. The total length of the In- 
tercolonial- will be 488| miles. It connects with 
the Grand Trunk at Eiviere du Loup, and runs 
parallel with the St. Lawrence as far as the Mata- 
pediac Road ; at this point it traverses the counties 
of Kimouski and Bonaventure, and enters New 
Brunswick, which it leaves for its terminus at 
Halifax, Nova Scotia, thus affording, at all seasons 
of the year, to the Province of Quebec and all 
parts of the Dominion, a free access to the Atlantic, 
through Canadian territory. 

The other railways are from La Noraye to 
Joliette, on the north shore of the St. Lawrence ; 
that from Stanstead to Chambly ; the Massawippi 
Valley Railroad, now building in the Eastern Town- 
ships, and the Carrillon and G-renville Road, on the 
north shore of the Ottawa. The gauge of these 
roads is four feet eight inches and-a-half. Their 
total length is one hundred miles, including the 
thirty-three miles of the Massawippi Road. The 
total length of the wooden railroads already com- 
menced is about one hundred miles ; but before 
long this figure will be doubled. 

To give a complete idea of our means of com- 
munication, it will suffice to add that our carriage 
roads link to one another all the great centres of 
the Province, from the oldest to the last which is 
breaking the silence of the forest. Our postal 
system also is complete, and the mails regularly 
carried, and every village of any importance 



— 99 — 

has its telegraph office, which places it not only 
in direct communication with all parts of the 
Dominion, but with all parts of the United States, 
and with Europe, by means of the Transatlantic 
Cable. 



XXVIII. 
LAWS OF THE PROVINCE. 

Civil Status — Naturalization — Franchise— Successions —Wills— Marriages- 
Acquisition of Immoveables— Hypothecary System. 

Assisted by the general principles laid down in 
this chapter, the emigrant will be enabled to form 
an idea of the tendency of our laws ; and if he will 
but keep them in memory, he will be in a position 
to guide himself in whatever relates to the disposal 
or protection of his goods and chattels, and in his 
general dealings with the inhabitants of the Pro- 
vince. We have in this chapter endeavoured to 
compress the articles of the Code which it is im- 
portant he should know. 

Every British subject is, as regards the enjoy- 
ment of civil and political rights in Lower Canada, 
on the same footing as those born therein.— Civil 
Code, Art. 18. 

Aliens become entitled to the privileges of British 
subjects by residing for a period of three years in 
some part of the Dominion, and by taking the oath 
of residence and allegiance required by law. These 
conditions fulfilled, he may procure from the proper 
Court a certificate of naturalization, which places 
him in every respect upon the same footing with 
those born in Canada. 

To be entitled to vote at elections of members to 
serve in Parliament, one must have attained the 
age of twenty-one years (the age of majority in 
Canada), be a subject of Her Majesty by birth or 
naturalization, be entered on the municipal assess- 
ment roll revised, corrected and in force, as th 



— 101 — 

owner or as the tenant or occupant of property 
therein, as bounded for municipal purposes, of the 
assessed yearly value of three hundred dollars or 
upwards, or of the assessed .yearly value of thirty 
dollars or upwards, in the towns erected into 
Electoral Divisions ; • in the rural counties the 
assessed value need be only two hundred dollars 
in the case of owners, and twenty dollars in the 
cases of occupants and tenants. 

Aliens have a right to acquire and transmit by 
gratuitous or onerous title, as well by succession 
or by will, all moveable and immoveable property 
in the Province of Quebec, in the same manner as 
British-born or naturalized subjects — 0. C. Art. 25. 

Aliens may inherit, or dispose freely, by will, of 
their property, real or immoveable, in favor of any 
person capable of acquiring and possessing, with- 
out reserve, restriction or limitation, in the same 
manner as British subjects. — C. C. Arts. 609 and 831. 

Wills may be made : 1. In notarial or authentic 
form, viz : before two notaries. 2. In the form 
required for holograph wills ; that is to say, a will 
entirely written out and signed by the testator 
himself requiring neither notaries nor witnesses. 
3. In writing and in presence of witnesses, in the 
form derived from the laws of England. — C. C. 
Arts. 842 and, 850. 

In the absence of a Will, children or their 
descendants succeed to their father and mother, 
grandfathers and grandmothers, or other ascend- 
ants, without distinction of sex or primogeniture, 
and whether they are the issue of the same or of 
different marriages. They inherit in equal por- 
tions.— C. C. Art. 625. 

If a person, dying without issue, leave his 
father and mother, and also brothers or sisters, or 



— 102 — 

nephews or nieces in the first degree, the succes- 
sion is divided into two equal portions, one of 
which devolves to the father and mother, who 
share it equally, and the other to the brothers and 
sisters, nephews and nieces of the deceased. — 
C. C. Art. 626. 

When the deceased leaves no relations within 
the heritable degree, viz : up to the twelfth degree 
inclusively, his succession belongs to his surviving 
consort.— C. C. Arts. 635 and 636. 

Matrimonial rights are regulated in this Pro- 
vince by the contract of marriage ; when no contract 
has beenj made, then by the general laws and 
custom of the country. 

To be valid, the marriage contract should be 
executed before notaries, and previous to the 
celebration of msrriage ; all kinds of agreements 
may be lawfully made in them, even those which, 
in any other act, inter vivos, would be void, such as 
the renunciation of successions which have not 
yet devolved, the gift of future property, the conven- 
tional appointment of an heir, and other disposi- 
tions in contemplation of death. All covenants con- 
trary to public order or to good morals, or forbidden 
by any prohibitory law, are, however, excepted 
from the above rule.— C..C. Arts. 1,257 and 1,258. 

If no covenants have been made, or if the con- 
trary have not been stipulated, then community 
is established between the husband and wife, and 
the customary or legal dower in favor of the wife 
and of the children to be born of their marriage in 
the event of the husband's death.— C. C. Arts. 1,260 
and 1,431. 

The community consists : of all the moveable 
property which the consorts possess on the day 
when the marriage is solemnized, and also of all 



— 103 — 

the moveable property which they acquire during 
marriage, and of the immoveable also which they 
may acquire, otherwise than by succession or 
other equivalent title.— C. C. Art. 1,272. 

The immoveables which the consorts possess on 
the day when the marriage is solemnized, or which 
fall to them during its continuance, by succession 
or an equivalent title, do not enter into the com- 
munity, but remain as propres in the absolute pos- 
session of the consort who may have acquired it or 
succeeded to it.— C. C. Art. 1,275. 

Customary dower consists in the usufruct for the 
wife, and the ownership for the children, of one- 
half of the immoveables which belong to the hus- 
band at the time of the marriage, and of one-half of 
those which accrue to him during marriage, from 
his father or mother or other ascendant. — C. C. 
Art. 1,434. 

To guarantee persons acquiring moveable pro- 
perty against fraud, and to ensure to those w r ho lend 
money on real estate, security for the sums loaned 
by them, the law provides that all mortgages and 
real charges that affect immoveable property 
shall be made public by means of registration or 
transcription in the Eegistrar's office, of tkQ Regis- 
tration Division within which is situate tile pro- 
perty affected by such real charge or mortgage. 

A research made at the Eegistrar's office, will 
place the applicant in possession of the mortgages 
and other charges which affect the property that 
he desires to purchase, or on the security of which 
he desires to make a loan. 

Every instrument in writing by which real 
estate is transferred should be enregistered within 
thirty days after its passing. So long as the right 
of the purchaser has not been registered, all con- 



— 104 — 

veyances, transfers, mortgages or real rights 
granted by him in respect of such immoveable 
are without effect. 

The hypothecary creditor has virtually no 
privileges until he has caused his title deeds to 
be enregistered. This act of enregistration esta- 
blishes the order in which hypothecary creditors 
shall be paid or collocated, in the case of a judicial 
sale of the real estate affected by the mortgage. 

To make as public as possible all charges affect- 
ing real estate, the Civil Code declares that there 
shall be prepared a plan of the properties com- 
prised in each Registration Division of the Pro- 
vince, as well as a book of reference containing 
their exact description. Each property indicated 
on the plan shall be numbered, which number 
thereafter shall serve to designate it. Beneath this 
number a reference is, upon the entry of every 
charge against it, made in the Registrar's office, so 
that every person who is interested in the said 
property may easily ascertain by what mortgages 
it is affected. 

Already three counties are provided with the 
plans and books required by law, and before long 
all the Registrars' offices in the Province will have 
compile 't therewith. 



XXIX. 



TO CAPITALISTS. 



Loans made upon Real Estate.— Bank Shares, and Joint Stock Companies.— 
Currency. 



With a system of enregistration so complete as 
ours, it is evident that capitalists who desire to lend 
their money on the security of real estate, run no 
risks whathever in doing so. 

The average interest paid upon first mortgages, 
or preferential loans of this nature, is between six 
and eight per cent, per annum, and there is very 
little available capital but what is bespoken in 
advance by some one who has property to mort- 
gage. 

The Banks of the Province of Quebec, beyond a 
doubt the safest in Canada, perhaps in America, offer 
to capitalists great inducements to invest their sur- 
plus means. Our banks are eighteen in number, with 
an average capital of $2,000,000 each. The capital, 
divided into shares ranging from $40 upwards to 
$200, is to-day in all of the banks paid up The 
operations of the banks resting upon so solid a 
basis, invariably enable their directors to declare 
to the shareholders a dividend of eight per cent, 
per annum, while, at the same time, they afford to 
the trade of the Province an impetus, and the 
means of expansion. 

Our telegraph, insurance, navigation, gas, and 
manufacturing companies and building societies 
are based, as the banks, upon paid up capital stock, 



— 106 — 

and like them also, pay eight per cent, per annum, 
and sometimes more, to their shareholders. 

Bank dividends, and those declared by joint stock 
companies, are paid semi-annually. 

The vicissitudes of trade, and the fluctuations of 
the market, leave constantly available to the pur- 
chaser bank and capital stock companies shares, 
at comparatively low premiums in the majority of 
cases. 

The decimal currency obtains in Canada. Our 
dollar, like the American, represents one hundred 
cents ; in sterling money its value is four shillings 
and one penny, and in French money, it repre- 
sents five francs and thirty-seven and one-seventh 
centimes. 

The pound sterling, in Canadian currency, is 
equal to four dollars and eighty-six cents, and two 
thirds of a cent. 

The franc of France is worth in our currency 
about eighteen cents, which makes the value of the 
five franc piece ninety-two cents and a-haif. 

In the western parts of the Province, and notably 
in the district of Montreal, our country people, 
despite the change in the currency, adhere to 
the old tournois method of calculating -by the 
livre, or franc of twenty sous. The pistole, the 
French dollar (worth six livres and ten sous) and 
the French half-dollar, worth three livres, are still 
in daily use in these localities. The price or value 
of land is generally expressed in this old currency. 
The value of the tournois livre, or franc, is eight 
pence sterling, or sixteen cents and two-thirds 
actual currency of Canada. In the rural districts of 
Quebec, the French piastre and half dollar only of 
the old currency are found ; but the old system of 
weights and measures is- strictly adhered to. 



— 107 — 

To avoid loss in the moneys which they bring 
with them, emigrants before embarking for Canada 
would do well to convert their values into English 
coin, because English gold and silver are. with us 
current coin, whilst G-erman, French and other 
foreign coins, no doubt because of their scarcity in 
our market, cannot be exchanged except at rates 
below their par value. "Whoever may have a large 
sum of money should get a draft payable in Ca-- 
nada. This may be easily done, as the principal 
banks and bankers of London and Liverpool do a 
regular exchange business with the banks of Ca- 
nada. 

Post Office Savings Banks have been established 
by the Government in connection with nearly all 
the rural Post Offices. These banks receive de- 
posits, the interest on which (as well as the capital 
deposited) is guaranteed by the G-overnment, and 
paid regularly upon call, at the rate of three per 
cent, on all sums deposited. This mode of invest- 
ment Avould prove a wise one for those who, upon 
their arrival in the country, might have a surplus 
capital for which they had no immediate use. 

Money orders payable in the Province and in 
Great Britain and Ireland, issued upon the security 
of the G-overnment, upon the payment of a slight 
commission, may be obtained at the Money Order 
Post Offices throughout the Province. 



XXX. 



GENERAL INFORMATION. 



The emigrant should arrive here early in spring, 
as at that season of the year labour is in very general 
demand, and well paid. By leaving. Europe in the 
months of April or May, he will arrive in Ca- 
nada at a time when he is sure, if he be at all inclin- 
ed to work, to find it. Unless he be coming out to 
friends already settled in the Province, or have 
some capital, we would not advise the agricultural 
labourer to emigrate after the month of August. 
During the harvest season the highest wages are 
paid ; and we would recommend the emigrant, with 
a view of securing a home for the winter, the first 
one at any rate, to hire himself for the year. 

The following average of wages will be found in 
the main correct : 

Farm labourer per month ) 

with board and lodging, \ f,om $8 t0 "« 15 

Female servants from 2 ' 5 

Boys over 13 years from 2 " 8 

Girls from 1 " 3 

Mechanics per day from 1 " 2 

Labourers " day. .from 60c. to 1 (with board). 

Farm labourers, upon their immediate arrival, 
might not obtain the above rates ; but they may be 
certain to obtain them within a short time after 
their arrival in Canada. Farm labourers should pro- 
ceed at once to the agricultural districts, where they 
will be certain of obtaining suitable employment, 



— 109 — 

and those with families will also more easily procure 
the necessaries of life, and avoid the hardships and 
distress which are experienced by a large portion 
of the poor inhabitants in our cities during the 
winter. 

It is provided by law that emigrants may remain 
on board ship 48 hours after arrival, except in cases 
where a vessel has a mail contract, or is proceeding 
in further prosecution of her voyage. 

The master of a ship is bound to land emigrants 
and their baggage, free of charge, at a convenient 
landing in the city, between sunrise and sunset. 

All emigrant runners or persons acting for rail- 
way or steamboat companies, must be licensed by 
the Mayor of the city ; and the emigrant, to prevent 
being imposed upon, should ask to see this license 
before he has any dealing with such persons. 

Every tavern, hotel or boarding-house keeper has 
to hand a list of the prices he charges for board 
and lodging, or for single meals, to any emigrant 
intending to lodge with him, and during the first 
three months of the emigrant's stay, the landlord 
cannot detain his baggage for a debt exceeding five 
dollars. 

The emigrant who desires to know the distance 
to any part of the Province or the Dominion, and 
how to get there, and what it costs, and the best 
places to find work, should ask the G-overnment 
Emigration Officer, whom he may, in all confidence, 
address on the subject. 

The Department of Agriculture and Public Works' 
which is specially entrusted with immigration and 
the colonization of public lands, will also give infor- 
mation to emigrants desirous of settling in this Pro- 
vince. The Office of the Department is in the city 



— 110 — 

of Quebec, before leaving which, the intending 
settler would act wisely were he to consult the 
officers thereof, who will furnish him with the 
most precise information concerning the various 
centres of colonization in the Province, and place 
him at once in communication with the Crown 
Land agents, or individual proprietors who may 
have land for sale. 

It would be very difficult to give even an ap* 
proximate idea of the capital required to enable an 
emigrant family to enter upon the occupation of a 
lot of uncleared land. The only rule that may be 
safely followed in such a case is that eighteen 
months, or a year at the very least, will expire 
before he can get a return from his land ; he should 
therefore have capital enough to support his fa- 
mily until then, and to purchase the furniture re- 
quired by him, and the implements necessary for 
the clearing and cultivation of his farm. 

The general opinion is that it would be impru- 
dent for a family, consisting of B.ve or six members, 
to settle on a lot of wild land, unless they were 
possessed of two hundred dollars. Nevertheless, it 
is no uncommon thing to see Canadians settling 
on a lot of uncleared land with a much smaller 
capital, and succeeding within a short time in ob- 
taining a condition of ease. 

If the settler % be honest, sober and industrious, he 
will readily procure, on credit, the things required 
by him ; he has only to prove himself a worthy man 
to obtain it. While he is clearing his own lot, he 
will find occasional work, either in working ior a 
more fortunate neighbour, on colonization roads, or 
by hiring for a month or two during the winter 
with a lumber merchant. If he has a maple 
grove (a sugary), and these groves are not uncom- 



— Ill — 

mon, he will learn to manufacture maple sugar, 
and in the space of a month, from the end of 
March to the end of April, he may, unassisted, 
make three or four hundred pounds weight of this 
article, which is on an average worth nine or ten 
cents per pound. The sap from the maple tree 
produces about one pound of sugar each spring. 
The rivers and lakes, everywhere to be met with 
in our forests, are in general well stocked with 
fish, with which, at certain seasons of the year, the 
settler may furnish his table ; the same may be 
said of game, which is very abundant in certain 
localities. These are but secondary means, which, 
if attended to with discernment, may be very great 
helps ; but neither fishing nor fowling should be 
followed at the expense ol the farm. 

The cabin of the settler is soon built, and costs 
between twenty-five and thirty dollars. As it is 
much exposed to the risks of fire, when the trees 
surrounding it are being burnt, there is no need 
of building it over elegantly ; it suffices that it 
shall be warm for the winter, and capable of keep- 
ing out the rain during the wet weather. The 
trunks of the first trees felled serve to build it ; they 
are cut into proper lengths, and having notched 
the pieces required, on two faces, at either enc*, 
a frame is made out of them of sixteen feet by 
twenty — the one nitch holding by the other. This 
symmetrical operation is repeated until the frame 
has attained ten or twelve feet in heigth. A few 
more pieces of timber squared for the flooring and 
the ceiling, the whole surmounted by a roof covered 
with bark, and the fixing of the wooden door and a 
couple of windows, for light and egress, and the 
cabin is completed. By filling up with moss and 
earth the chinks in the frame of his house, the 



— 112 — 

settler has such a homestead as suffices in the begin- 
ing of his career ; and if he have not bad fortune, 
within a short time he will broaden the narrow ho- 
rizon that sorrounds him, light will break into his 
cabin, glimmer upon his hearth, and contentment 
dwell within his humble home. 

The cost of clearing, when it is done by con- 
contract, amounts to about ten dollars an acre. 
This consists in cutting the trees and in burning 
them, so that nothing remains but to extract the 
stumps. In this state, and until the roots shall have 
been sufficiently loosened to permit of being 
extracted, seed may be sown by means of harrow- 
ing, or by the use of the mattock, between the 
stumps. In certain localities a machine is used to 
extract the stumps at once, but in general this pro- 
ceeding is too costly to be followed by new settlers. 

A skilled farmer, who has not the means of pur- 
chasing a farm, will find in the Province many agri- 
culturalists who are prepared to lease their farms 
or to farm on shares. In this way in a few years, 
with little or no risk, and without personal means, 
a practical farmer may lay aside sufficient to pur- 
chase an eligible farm. 



XXXI. 



CONCLUSION 



With institutions such as we have sketched, 
by utilizing the vast resources that we have in- 
dicated in this pamphlet, the Province of Quebec, 
without vain glory, may aspire to play an impor- 
tant part in the Canadian Confederacy. She has 
the advantages of a maritime and interior navi- 
gation unsurpassed on this continent, and pos- 
sesses nearly two-thirds of the territory of the Do- 
minion. By continuing to progress as in the past, 
her exhuberant and vigorously organized society 
cannot fail to form one of the most solid elements 
of the great American family ; and when we invite 
the European emigrant to come and share with us 
our destinies, we believe we ask him to participate 
in something that is truly enviable. 

"We would not, however, in the slightest degree, 
magnify the chances of success that our Province 
holds out to the emigrant. The undoubted triumphs 
successively carried off at the International Exhi- 
bitions of London, Dublin and Paris, by the Cana- 
dians, exist to testify to the truth of what we have 
advanced concerning the fertility of our soil, the 
richness of our natural products, and the ever- 
increasing importance of our industry. 

But the utilizing of these resources involves 
energetic and persevering labour — success can be 
purchased only at the price of toil. By joining to 



— 114 — 

labour, intelligence and thrift, the emigrant who set- 
tles amongst us may rely, within a short time, upon 
being able to live in a condition of ease. Here as 
in Europe, great fortunes fall to the lot of the few 
only ; but we may with truth affirm that comfort 
is more general and more readily attained with 
us than it is in Europe. 

How could it be otherwise ? There, land is high 
in price, and owned by a small number, the masses 
closely competing for the little work that is given 
to them ; and this work, so poorly remunerated, 
scarcely enables the labourer to purchase the neces- 
saries of life. From this follow the discouragement 
and despondency which seem hereditary in certain 
classes. Here the reverse is seen, — land is cheap ; 
every man has his share of it, little or great, and 
works it for himself. It follows from this that 
we lack agricultural labourers for more conside- 
rable operations, and their absence makes labour 
dear. The opening, therefore, is greater in Canada 
for the labourer than it is in Europe, and for all 
who aspire to better their condition. 

They were all more or less poor, the ten thou- 
sand settlers who commenced the clearing of Lower 
Canada ; for it is never from choice that one leaves 
the father land. Nevertheless, they rapidly earned 
for themselves comfortable homes ; and already, 
after two centuries, they have multiplied to that 
extent, that they exceed to-day a million of souls. 
They were poor, also, those who came later on. But 
above all, they were poor, those who within the last 
twenty-five or thirty years we ourselves have seen 
landing upon our shores, decimated by epidemics 
and pursued by hunger. Nevertheless, to-day all 
are secure from want ; the greater number are even 
in a condition to leave their offspring a heritage. 



— 115 — 

What these have done, others may still do we 
should say with greater facilities, for the path is 
better trodden now than heretofore, and in the 
open field there is ever room ; and as may have 
already been gleaned, the State has nothing closer 
at heart than the settling of its uncleared domain. 
If emigrants, arriving here without other re- 
sources than the wealth of energy and stout arms, 
could have triumphed over numberless difficulties, 
with what confidence may we not promise success 
to those who, upon their landing, were possessed 
of a little capital. However slender his means, we 
would say to the workingman or mechanic : come 
to Canada and apply intelligently your powers, 
enrich the land by your labour, and you will draw an 
interest therefrom quadruple what it would have 
been had you remained in Europe ; you will live 
at ease here, and your children will bless you for 
having had the manliness to seek out for them a 
fortune preferable to that which you left behind, 



117 — 



APPENDIX 



GOVERNMENT OF CANADA. 

Governor-General : 

The Eight Honorable Sir John Young, Baronet, P. C, 
G. C. B., G. C. M. G. 

. PEIVY COUNCIL. 

The Honorable Sir John Alexander Macdonald, K. C. B., Minis- 
ter of Justice. — Chief of the Cabinet. 

The Honorable Sir George- Etienne Cartier, Baronet, Minister 
of Militia. 

The Honorable Samuel Leonard Tilley, C. B., Minister of Cus- 
toms. 

The Honorable Hector Louis Langevin, C. B., Minister of Pub- 
lic Works. 

The Honorable Alexander Morris, Minister of Internal Eevenue. 

The Honorable Sir Francis Hincks, K. C. M. G., Minister of 
Finance. 

The Honorable Joseph Howe, Secretary of State for the Pro- 
vinces. 

The Honorable C Tapper, C. B. President of the Privy Council. 

The Honorable Peter Mitchell, Minister of Marine and Fisheries. 

The Honorable Alexander Campbell, Post Master General. 

The Honorable Christopher Dunkin, Minister of Agriculture 
• and Statistics. 

The Honorable James Cox Aikens, Secretary of State for Canada. 

The Honorable Jean- Charles Chapais, Eeceiver-General. 

Note. — Sir J. A. Macdonald, Sir Frs. Hincks, the Honorable 
A. Morris, the Honorable A. Campbell, the Honorable J". C. 
Aikins, form part of the Ontario representation. 

Sir G. E. Cartier, the Honorable H. L. Langevin, the Hono- 
rable C. Dunkin, and the Honorable /. C. Chapais, form part 
of the Quebec representation. 

The Honorable Joseph Howe, and the Honorable C. Tupper, 
C. B. belong to that of Nova-Scotia. 

The Honorable S. L. Tilley, and the Honorable P. Mitchell, 
belong to that of New Brunswick. 

The Seat of Governement is at Ottawa, capital of the Do- 
minion of Canada. 



GOVERNMENT OF THE PROVINCE OF QITEBEC. 

LflBUTENANT-GoVERNOR : 

Sir Narcisse Fortunat Belleau, Knight. 

MEMBERS OF THE CABINET. 

The Honorable Pierre Joseph Olivier Chauveau, Secretary and 

Registrar, Minister of Public Instruction. — Chief of the 

Cabinet. 
The Honorable Gideon Ouimet, Attorney-General. 
The Honorable /. G. Robertson, Treasurer. 
The Honorable Joseph Octave Beaubien, Commissioner of 

Crown Lands. 
The Honorable Louis Archambeault, Commissioner of Agricul 

culture and Public Works. 
The Honorable Charles Boucher de Boucherville, President of 

the Legislative Council. 
The Honorable George Irvine, Solicitor-General. 
The Seat of Government is at Quebec. 



IMMIGRATION AGENTS 
FOR THE DOMINION OF CANADA 



IN EUROPB. 

Wm. Dixon, 11, Adam Street, Adelphi London, 

J. G. Moylan Ireland Dublin. 

Charles Foy " Belfast. 

David Shaw Scotland Glasgow. 

E. Simays Belgium Antwerp. 

IN C AN ADA . 

L. Stafford Quebec. 

J. J. Daly Montreal. 

W. J. Wills Ottawa. 



IMMIGRATION AND COLONIZATION AGENTS 

FOR THE PROVINCE OF QUEBEC. 

At Quebec The Department of Agriculture and Public 

Works. 
At Montreal Charles E. Belle, No. 50, St. James Street. 

Crown Land Agencies ate offices whereat the emigrant may 
obtain such information as he requires.— See the table that fol- 
lows. 



120 



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TABLE OF FREE GRANTS. 



Taclie Road. 

J. B. Lepage, Agent, Bimouski. 

Charles T. Dube, Agent, Biviere-du-Loup {en has.) 

C. F. Fournier, Agent, St. Jean Port-Joli. 

20,900 acres open for location. 

The Taclie Boad, which. is only partially constructed, traverses 
the Township of Mailloux, in, the County of Bellechasse, the 
Townships of Montminy and Patton, in the County of Montmagny, 
the Townships of Arago, Garneau and Lafontaine, in the County of 
l'lslet, the Townships of Chapais, Painchaud, Chabot and Pohene- 
gamook, in the County of Kamouraska, the Townships of Armagh, 
Tiger, Denonville, in the County of Temiscouata, the Townships 
of Bedard, Chenier, Baudot, Macpes, Neigette, Fleuriau and part 
of the Township of Cabot, in the County of Bimouski, to its junction 
with the Matapediac Boad. 



Matapediac Road. 

J. B. Lepage, Agent, Bimouski. 
J. N. Verge, Agent, Carleton. 

20,600 acres open for location. 

This Boad commences in the Parish of Ste. Flavie, on the Biver 
St. Lawrence, in the County of Bimouski, and connects with the 
east end of the Tache Boad, in the Township of Fleuriau, and 
passes thence (occasionally intersecting the Kempt Boad) through 
the Township of Cabot, the Seigniory of Lake Matapediac and the 
Townships of Lepage and Causupscull, in the County of Bimouski, 
and the Townships of Assemetquagan and Bistigouche to the 
mouth of the Matapediac, in the County of Bonaventure. 



— 122 — 

Kempt Road. 

J. B. Lepage, Agent, Rimouski. 
J. N. Verge, Agent, Carleton. 

21,700 acres open for location. 

The Kempt Road commences on the River Ristigouche, in the 
Township of Ristigouche, traversing that Township and the 
Township of Assemetquagan, in the County of Bonaventure, the 
Township of Causupscull and Lepage, the Seigniory of Matape- 
diac, the Township of Cabot and the Seigniory of Metis, in the 
County of Rimouski, to the River Metis, on the River St. Lawrence. 



Malane amd Cap Ckat Road. 

Louis Roy, Agent, St. Anne-des-Mont«. 

3,200 acres open for location. 

This Road commences at St. Jerome, in the Seigniory of Ma- 
tane, in the County of Rimouski, and passes along the shore of the 
River St. Lawrence through the Townships of St. Denis, Cher- 
bourg, Dalibaire, and Romieu, in said County, and the Township 
of Cap Chat to St. Anne's, in the County of Gaspe. 



JLaegevim Road. 

J. A. Fortin, Agent, St. Joseph, Beauce. 
1,800 acres open for location. 

The Langevin Road traverses portions of the Township* of 
Ware and Langevin. 



Mailloux Road. 

J. A. Fort£k, Agent. 

9,850 acres open for location. 

This Road starts at a point on the Tache Road, in the Town- 
ship of Mailloux, traverses said Township, the Townships of 
Rioux, Bellechasse and Daaquam, in the County of Bellechaase. 



— 123 — 
Temiscouata jRoatiL 

Charles T. Dube, Agent, Riviere-du-Loup. 
22,000 acres open for location. 

The Temiscouata Road commences at Riviere-du-Loup, to- 
wards the Townships of Whitworth and Armagh, and. the Seig- 
niory of Temiscouata, to the Province Line. 



Elgin Road. 

C. F. Fournier, Agent, St. Jean Port-Joli. 
26,000 acres open for location. 

The Elgin Road, in the County of l'lslet, commences at the 
River St. Lawrence, at Port-Joli, in the Seigniory of Port-Joli, and 
thence passes on the division line between the Townships of 
Fournier, Ashford, Garneau, Lafontaine, Casgrain and Dionne, in- 
tersecting the Tache Road, on the line between the Townships of 
Garneau and Lafontaine. 



— 124 — 

STATEMENT OF GRANTS 
TO CHARITABLE- INSTITUTIONS— 1870. 



SEE VICE. 



Beauport Lunatic Asylum 
St. John's do 



Marine and Emigrant Hospital, Quebec. . 

Corporation of the Gen.-Hosp... Montreal 

Deaf and Dumb Institution... do .. 

Indigent Sick do 

St. Patrick's Hospital do 

Sceurs de la Providence do 

St. Vincent de Paul Asylum. . . do 

Protestant House of Industry 

and Kefuge do 

St. Patrick's Orphan Asylum. . do . . 

University Lying - in Hospi- 
tal do 

Magdalen Asylum, (Bon Pas- 
teur) do 

Soman Catholic Orphan Asy- 
lum do 

Sceurs de la Charite do 

Protestant Orphan Asylum... do .. 

Lying-in Hospital, care Soeurs 

de la Misericorde do 

Bonaventure Street Asylum . . do . . 

Nazareth Asylum for the Blind 

and for Destitute children. . do .'. 

Dispensary , do 

Ladies' Benevolent Society for 
Widows and Orphans (in- 
cluding late House of Ke- 
fuge) ' . . do 

Home and School of Industry.' do . . 

St. Bridget Asylum do 

Freres de la Charite de St. 

Vincent de Paul do 

Hospice de Bethleeni do .. 

Hospice de la Misericorde, Ful- 

3um Street do 

Charitable Ladies, Association 
of the Roman Catholic Or- 
phan Asylum Quebec . . 

Carried forward 



$ cts. 

105,458 00 

20,000 00 

4,000 00 



4,000 00 

3,000 00 

3,200 00 

1,600 00 

1,120 00 

600 00 

800 00 
640 00 

480 00 



Total. 



$ cts. 



129,458 00 



720 


00 




320 


00 




1,000 


00 




640 


00 




480 


00 




4 30 


00 

1 


830 


00 i " 


320 


00 


850 


00 


320 


00 ! 


300 


00 


300 


00 : 


300 


00 


200 


00 


600 


00 


23,050 


00 


129,458 00 



125 



STATEMENT OF GRANTS, ETC— (Cbntfmied.) 



SERVICE. 



Total. 



Brought forward 

Indigent Sick do 

Asylum of the Good Shepherd. do . . 

Hospice de la Maternite , Quebec . . 

Ladies' Protestant Home do 

Male Orphan Asylum do 

Finlay Asylum do 

Protestant female orphan Asy - 

lum do 

St. Bridget Asylum . . . , do 

€anada Military Asylum do 

Dispensary do 

Indigent Sick Trois -Ri- 
vieres... 

General Hospital Sorel . . 

St. Hyacinthe Hospital St. Hya- 

cinthe.. 

Hospice Youville St. Benoit 

Asile de la Providence Coteau du 

Lac . . 

Hospice St. Joseph Beauhar- 

nois . . 

Hospice Ste. Marie Ste. Marie 

de Monnoir. 

Asile de la Providence Mascouche. 

Hopital St. Jean St. Jean . . 

Hospice La Jemmerais Varennes. 

Hospice des Soeurs de la Provi- 
dence St. Vincent 

de Paul . . 
Hopital de la Providence ..... Joliette . . 

Hospice de Laprairie Laprairie. 

Hopital St. Joseph Chambly. 

Reformatory Schools 

Industrial Schools 



$ 


cts. 


$ cts. 


23,050 


00 


129,458 00 


300 


00 




800 


00 




480 


00 




420 


00 




420 


00 




420 


00 




420 


00 




500 


00 




160 


00 




200 


00 




2,500 


00 




500 


00 




500 


00 




200 


00 




200 


00 




200 


00 




200 


00 




200 


00 




200 


00 




200 


00 




200 


00 




200 


00 




200 


00 




200 


00 


35,770 00 


2,500 


00 


1,500 


00 




4,000 


00 


169,228 00 



126- 



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Leon Lamarche. 
P. 0. Grenier, N. P. 
Jacques Collin. 
Ls. A. Beaubien, 
A. C. P. R. Landry. 
Zeph. Lapierre. 
Joseph Jutras. 
Rev. L. T. Bernard, 
Felix East. 
J. A. Charlebois. 
W. J. McAdams. 
P. A. Deblois. 
T. Ad. Chicoine. 
J.-B. Lef. Villemure. 
Jos. M. Michaud. 
E. Mailloux, M. P. P. 
Georges DeschSnes. 
Chs. Dansereau. 




Rev. F. Pilote, 
Rev. Th. S. Provost, 
Rev. Joseph Perrauit, 
Ls. Frs. Blais, M. P. 
Rev. N. Jos. Sirois, 
Gabriel Cloutier. 
Rev. Michel Forgues, 
Rev. Ls. Stan. Malo, 
Rev. L. T. Parent, 
Praxede LaRue. 
P. J. Jolicoeur, 
R. Hamilton, 
Rev. Frs. Boucher, 
Rev.Eusebe Durocher, 
Rev. A. Labelle, 
Ths. P. Pelletier, 
Rev. Oct. Hebert, 
Ant. Mailloux. 
A. B. Craig, M. P. P. 


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Ste. Rose. 

Montmagny. 

St. Ignace. 

St. Pierre, Riviere du Sud. 

St. Laurent, He d'Orleans. 

Becancour. 

Ecureuils. 

St. Augustin. 

City of Quebec. 

Charlesbourg. 

City of St. Hyacinthe. 

St. Jer6me. 

Trois-Pistolee. 

Saint Arsene. 

Viger. 

Vercheres. 


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FOREIGN CONSULS IN CANADA. 



ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.— Consul : St. John, N.B., J. Robertson. 

AUSTRIA .—Consuls: Halifax, U.S., Wm. Cunard; Montreal, E. 
Schultze. 

BELGIUM.— Consuls : Halifax, N. S., C. E. Ronne ; Montreal, 
Jesse Joseph. — Vice-Consul : Quebec, Abraham Joseph. 

BRAZIL.— Consular Agent : Halifax, N. S., M. Tobin. 

DENMARK. — Consul : Halifax, S. Tobin. — Vice-Consuls : Montreal, 
T. Ryan ; Quebec, E. Ryan and G. T. Pemberton. 

FRANCE. — Consul-general: Quebec, A. F. Gautier. — Consular 
Agents : Montreal, Dr. P. E. Picault ; Toronto, W. J. Mac- 
donnell ; St. John, N. B., George Carville. — Vice-Consuls : 
Sydney, N. S., M. Bourinot ; Halifax, W. Cunard. 

ITALY. — Consul : Montreal, H. Chapman. — Consular Agent, Gaspe, 
0. LeBouthillier. 



Toronto. — Vice-Consul : Quebec, Alfred Falkenberg. 

NORTH GERMAN CONFEDERATION.— Consuls : Quebec, Chs. 
• Pithl ; Montreal, G. F. Lomer : St. John, N. ~B., C. 0. Tren- 
towsky ; Halifax, N. S., C. A. Creighton ; Miramichi, R. E. 
Hutchinson. 

OLDENBURG.— Consul : Quebec, Gustave Beling. 

PORTUGAL.— Vice-Consuls : Quebec, C. H. E. Tilstone ; Gaspe, 
P. Vibert, jr.— Consuls: Hew Brunswick, Edward Allison; 
Nova Scotia, Thomas Abbott. 

SPAIN.— Consul-General : Montreal, H. de Uriarte.— Consul : Que- 

oeC} . Consul : Gaspe, Antoine Painchaud. — 

Consular Agent : St. George, S. Johnson.— Vice-Conscl : 
Halifax, N. S., Manuel C. Crooke. 



— 129 — 

SWEDEN and NORWAY.— Consul : Quebec, A. Faikenberg.— 

Vice-Consuls : Rimouski, Geo. Sylvain ; Trois-Pistoles, N. 
Tetu. 



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 

W. A. Dart. — Consuls : Clifton, W. M. Jones ; Fort Erie, 

A. C. Phillips ; Goderich, Th. Allcock ; Hamilton, F. N. 
Blake ; Kingston, S. B. Hance ; Prescott, C. S. Sims ; Port 
Sarnia, Samuel D. Pace ; Toronto, Albert D. Shaw ; Windsor, 
Geo. W. Swift ; Coaticook, Edwin Vaughan ;" Gaspe Basin, 

. Q ue bec, Chas. Robinson ; St. John, Q.. L. P. 

Blodgett ; Halifax, N. S , M. M. Jackson ; Pictou, N. S., 

B. H. Norton : St. John, iV. B., Darius B. Warner; St. John's, 

VENEZUELA.— Vice-consul : Montreal, T. W. Henshaw. 



COST OF uvim 

Farmers and Mechanics may live very cheaply 
in the Province of Quebec. 

Subjoined is a list of prices of the principal ar- 
ticles of food, &c : 

Bread, 6 lbs. Loaf ...$01? to $015 

Flour per BarreU200 lbs.) 5 00 " 6 00 

Meat*" lb 006 " 08 

Pork " "......' 008 " 012 

Bu tier (salt) ' ' 15 " 20 

Cheese " 12 " 16 

Maplesugar " .... 6" 010 

Potatoes per Bushel •.:.... 40 •' 50 

Peas "" " .-... 70 ' ; 100 

Oats " " 40 " 45 

Buckwheat " 60 " 80 

Linen " yard 20 " 25 

Flanei <4 " 50 « 60 

Tweed " " 80 " 100 

Fine Boots per pair 2 00 " 3 00 

Common " " " 80 " 100 



— 131 



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INDIANS OF THE PROVINCE OF QUEBEC. 

The principal Indian tribes which still inhabit the Province are 
the Iroquois, the Algonquins, the Abenakis, the Nippissingues 
the Hurons, the Micmacs and the Montagnais. The Iroquois are 
congregated in a village at Sault St. Louis, and at St. Eegis, on 
the boundary of the United States ; the Algonquins, the Iroquois 
and the Nippissingues inhabit the lake of Two Mountains ; the 
Abenakis, St. Francis, near Lake St. Peter and Becancour; the 
Hurons, Lorette, near Quebec ; the Micmacs, with some families of 
Malecites and Abenakis, inhabit Eistigouche, near the mouth of 
the river of that name, at Cascapediac, etc. There are also about 
one hundred Algonquins in the vicinity of Three Rivers. Ths 
Montagnais have no fixed abode ; they roam abroad over the 
mountains of the north, living solely by the chase and fishing. 
They come down and treat with the whites at the ports situated 
on the Saguenay and at the mouth of the principal rivers on the 
northeast shore, such as at Tadousac, Chicoutimi, the Islets-de- 
Jeremie, the river Godbout, the Seven Islands, Mingan, Mascouaro, 
etc. The other tribes, or relics of tribes, are the Petits-Esqui- 
maux, the Naskapis, (Montagnais,) the Tetes-de-Boule, the War- 
montashings, etc. 

The Indians congregated in villages cultivate fields of Indian 
corn, oats, wheat, green crops, etc., and are owners of cattle ; but as 
a general rule, they occupy their time with fishing and hunting. 
They have churches and missionaries who live among them or 
visit them regularly. The Imperial Government has reserved for 
their use considerable tracts of land, causes to be distributed 
among them yearly presents, consisting of cloth, fire-arms, j ^welry, 
etc., and sees to the payment of their missionaries. 



— 186 — 



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— 137 — 

EXPOBTS. 

Table exhibiting the value of articles of Canadian growth and 
manufacture, exported from the Province of Quebec to differ- 
ent countries, for the fiscal year, ending 30th June, 1869. 



Great Britain ' 

United States 

Newfoundland , , 

Prince Edward Island 

France 

English West Indies 

French " " 

Spanish " " 

Monte- Video 

Buenos- Ayres 

Brazil , 

Valparaiso 

South America 

Pontifical States 

Naples 

Italy :..., 

Portugal 

Spain 

Holland 

Germany 

Gibraltar 

St. Pierre Miquelon 

Australia 

Total products 

Coin and Bullion 

Articles not being products of Province . . . 

Estimated short returns from Inland ports 

Grand total of exports 



S 

16,344,825 

5,627,276 

592,718 

93,386 

122,758 

73,296 

6,886 

2,716 

69,048 

36,203 

31,880 

16,632 

150,807 

23,771 

28,922 

88,936 

21,357 

42,677 

3,717 

56,242 

22,913 

47,749 

41,369 



23,546,054 

1,967,790 

1,960,121 

749,303 



28,223,268 



— 138 



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— 139 — 
CLASSICAL COLLEGES 



10 



12 



13 



Name of the Institution and 
where situated. 



Seminary of Quebec, 



do 



Montreal 



do Nicolet 

do St. Hyacinthe 
do Ste. Therese... 



Ste. Anne Lapocatiere . . , 
Seminary of I'Assomption 



High School of Quebec. . . 

do of McGill College 



Ste. Marie, Montreal 



Col. Ste. Marie de Monnoir. 

St. Francis, Richmond 

Three Eivers 



Morrin College 

Col. St. Germain de Eimouski 



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10 



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16 

24 



6 to 15 



30to50 
42 to50 



30 



13 



12to32 



20 



80 



85 



66 

100 

80 



30 



200- 
250 



120 



70 



100 
120 



80 



70 



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16 



9 
14 
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21 



27 



160 



— 140 — 
INBUSTBIAL COLLEGES. 







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Joliette College 


16 


64 


8 


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14 


66 


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30 


3 


N. D. de Levis College 




80 


9 


2 




4 


St. Michel College 


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30 






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8 




25 






6 


Rigaud College 


12 


80 


12 


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7 


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120 

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Sherbrooke College 


5 




5 






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Longueuil College 


12 


80 


1 




1 


13 


St. Laurent College 


20 


60 


15 


2 


40 








139 


7 


80 











List of Newspapers published in the ProTimce 
of Quebec* 



La Minerve Montreal. 

The Montreal Herald Montreal. 

The Montreal Gazette Montreal. 

Le Pays . .'. Montreal, 

L'Ordre Montreal. 

Le Nouveau-Monde Montreal. 

The True Witness Montreal. 

The Montreal Witness Montreal. 

The Evening Telegraph Montreal. 

The Daily News Montreal. 

The Evening Star Montreal. 

The Canadian Illustrated News Montreal. 

L'Opinion Publique. Montreal. 

La Semaine Agricole Montreal. 

La Kevue Canadienne Montreal. 

L'Echo de la France Montreal. 

L'Echo du Cabinet de Lecture Montreal. 

Les Decisions des Tribunaux — Lower Canada 

Jurist Montreal. 

The Trade Eeview k Montreal. 

New Dominion Monthly Montreal. 

The Quebec Gazette Quebec. 

Le Canadien Quebec. 

Le Journal de Quebec Quebec. 

The Morning Chronicle Quebec. 

The Quebec Mercury • . . . . Quebec. 

Le Courrier du Canada Quebec. 

L'Evenement Quebec. 

L'Opinion Nationale Quebec. 

Le Journal de V Instruction Publique Quebec. 

Journal of Education Quebec. 

Le Naturalists Canadien Quebec. 

Les Decisions des Tribunaux Quebec. 

La Voix du Golfe Kimouski, 



— 142 — 

La Gazette des Campagnes Ste.. Anne de 

la Pocatiere. 

La Semaine des Families Levis. 

Le Constitutional Three Eivers. 

Le Journal des Trois Rivieres. Three Rivers. 

Sherbrooke Gazette Sherbrooke. 

Le Pionnier de Sherbrooke.. . . .. Sherbrooke. 

Richmond Guardian .Richmond. 

Waterloo Advertiser Waterloo. 

Stanstead Journal Stanstead. 

L'Union des Cantons de l'Est Arthabaska. 

Le Messager Canadien. . Granby. 

La Gazette de Joliette Joliette. 

La Gazette de Sorel. ........ . . . . ... Sorel. 

L'Echo du Richelieu Sorel. 

La Revue Legale Sorel. 

Le Franco-Canadien. St. Jean. 

St. John News, St. Jean. 

Le Courrier de St. Hyacinthe. St. Hyacinthe. 

La Gazette d c St. Hyacinthe ......... .... St. Hyacinthe. 

Le Journal d' Agriculture. ... ... .... St. Hyacinthe. 

Le Courrier de Beauharnois Beauharnois. 

Huntingdon Journal Huntingdon. 

Canadian Gleaner . ...... Huntingdon. 

Aylmer Times Hull. 



TABLE OF CONTENTS. 



Chaptkks. Pagks, 

Introduction 3 

I — Canada and the Province of Quebec : Political Or- 
ganization 5 

II. — The Province of Quebec : Historical Retrospect . . 9 

III. — Population 20 

IV. — The Climate 26 

V, — The Soil and its Productions 28 

VI. — Territorial Divisions 31 

VII. — Municipal Institutions 33 

VIII. — Education 35 

IX. — Religious and Charitable Institutions 41 

X. — Mode of Living : Agriculture — ■ Home Manufac- 
tures — Commerce 44, 46, 47 

XI. — Our Finances 60 

XII. — ■ Colonization 51 

XIII. — Colonization Societies 54 

XIV. — Our Homestead Law 57 

XV. — Wooden Railways 60 

XVI. — Crown Lands 62 

XVII. — ■ Woods and Forests 64 

XVIII. — Mines 66 

XIX. — Lands lit for Settlement : Conditions of Sale — 

Free Grants 67 

XX. — Valley of the Saguenay. 70 

XXI. — Valley of the St. Maurice 73 

XXII. — Valley of the Ottawa 73 

XXIII. — Eastern Townships. 7T 

XXIV, — Lower St. Lawrence (South Shore) 80 

XXV. — Gaspe 82 

XXVI. — Immigration : Recital of the Policy of the Govern- 
ment 84 

XXVII. — Means of Communication 01 

XXVIII, — Laws of the Province : Civil Status — Naturali- 
' zation — Franchise — Successions — Wills — 
Marriages — Acquisition of Immoveables — Hy- 
pothecary System 1011 



— 144 — 

Chapters. 5 '^ Passs. 
XXIX. — To Capitalists : Loans made upon Real Estate — 
Bank Shares and Joint Stock Companies — Cur- 
rency 106 

XXX. — General Information 109 

XXXI. — Conclusion .. 113 



APPENDIX. 

PA0B8. 

Government of Canada 11T 

Government of the Province of Quebec 118 

Immigration Agents for the Dominion of Canada 119 

Immigration and Colonization Agents for the Province of 

Quebec 119 

Tabular Statement of Crown Lands Agencies 120 

Table of Free Grants 121 

do ♦ do do (continued) 122,123 

Statement of Grants to Charitable Institutions — 1870 124 

do do etc , (continued) 125 

List of Colonization Societies 126 

do do do (continued) 127 

Foreign Consuls in Canada 128, 129 

Cost of Living 130 

Rates of Postage on Letters from Canada to the United King- 
dom and Foreign Countries 131 

Population of the Province of Quebec, according to Census of 

1861 132, 133, 134 

Indians of the Province of Quebec 135 

Imports 136 

Exports 137 

Statement shewing the Number and Tonnage of Vessels, etc... 138 

Classical Colleges 139 

Industrial Colleges 140 

List of Newspapers published in the Province of Quebec. 141, 142 



